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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 40 (1968), S. 2034-2035 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 102 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid and norethisterone in the treatment of ovulatory menorrhagia.Design A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study.Setting University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.Subjects One hundred and three women complaining of heavy periods with a regular cycle recruited directly from general practitioners within the hospital catchment area and from consultants' gynaecology clinics.Interventions There were forty-six women on placebo with confirmed ovulatory menorrhagia, defined as menstrual blood loss greater than 80 ml/cycle and mid-luteal serum progesterone concentration greater than 9 nmol/l). Twenty-one received norethisterone (5 mg twice a day on days 19 to 26) and 25 received tranexamic acid (1 g four times daily on days 1 to 4) for two cycles.Main outcome measures Menstrual blood loss was measured using the alkaline haematin method. Haematological assessments were made both at the beginning and at the end of the study, questionnaires were given to assess subjective endpoints, and patients were asked to report any adverse events during all cycles.Results Tranexamic acid reduced mean menstrual blood loss by 45%, from 175 ml to 97 ml (95% CI for the difference in menstrual blood loss 52 to 108, P 0.0001), norethisterone increased mean blood loss by 20% from 173 ml to 208 ml (95% CI for the difference in menstrual blood loss −64 to 2, P= 0.26). Fourteen (56%) women who received tranexamic acid achieved a mean menstrual loss of less than 80 ml per cycle during treatment, but only two (9.5%) who received norethisterone achieved this mean menstrual loss. There were no serious adverse events reported for either drug.Conclusions Tranexamic acid is a safe and effective form of medical therapy in women with menorrhaga and is highly likely to normalise blood loss in women losing 80 to 200 ml prior to treatment. Norethisterone at this dose is not effective therapy for ovulatory menorrhagia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To establish the lowest dose of cyclical dydrogesterone that protects against endometrial hyperplasia induced by continuous 2 mg 17β oestradiol, and to study the dose effect on vaginal bleeding and side effects.Design Double-blind, prospectively randomised dose-ranging study.Setting Menopause clinics in the UK and The Netherlands.Subjects Three hundred and seventy-one postmenopausal women with intact uteri, aged 40 to 60.Interventions Administration of six 28-day treatment cycles of continuous daily micronised 178 oestradiol with a randomly allocated dose of 5 to 20 mg of dydrogesterone added for the last 14 days of each.Main outcome measures Histological assessment of adequate progestational endometrial response, bleeding patterns and adverse effects.Results The study was completed by 320 subjects (86 %). Endometrial transformation occurred in over 94 % of those talung 5 mg of dydrogesterone, and in over 97 % of those on hgher doses, without significant differences between the 10, 15 and 20 mg groups. Acceptable bleeding patterns were found at all doses, with the incidence of withdrawal bleeding rising with increasing dose. The day of onset of bleeding was predictable from cycle to cycle, and occurred later in the 20 mg group than in the others. The incidence of noncyclic bleeding was about 6 % at all doses. Withdrawal occurred in 3-3% due to unacceptable bleeding and in 5-4% due to side effects. There was no relation with dose.Conclusions A dydrogesterone-17p oestradiol combination hormone replacement therapy confers endometrial protection with an acceptable bleeding pattern and few side effects. At least 10 mg of dydrogesterone for 14 days is required for acceptable endometrial protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 103 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 100 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 100 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We have developed statistical models of upper and middle crustal seismic velocity heterogeneity based on geologic maps and petrophysical data from the Lewisian gneiss complex, Scotland. the level of heterogeneity we have measured is relevant to seismic exploration of the crystalline crust using conventional reflection and refraction techniques. We digitized two 1:10560 geologic maps of Laxfordian (Archean) age Lewisian rocks on a 26.8m grid. Both maps are believed to be representative of the upper and middle crust in north-western Scotland, and both are believed to provide cross-sectional views of parts of the crust. the digital maps were characterized by the statistics of their lithologic populations and by their 2-D spatial autocorrelation functions. Different lithologies were assigned seismic velocities appropriate for the mid-crust using petrophysical data. Three lithologies are dominant: silicic gneisses (Vp∼6.2 km s−1), mafic amphibolites (Vp— 6.75 kms−1), and intermediate composition schists (Vp—6.5kms−1). Both maps have self-affine spatial fabrics.The first map covers the core of a syncline. Its autocorrelation function defines a medium with a fractal dimension of 2.78, a horizontal characteristic length of about 244m and a vertical correlation of about 133m (aspect ratio is 2:1). It has an essentially trimodal velocity (lithology) population consisting of 37 per cent silicicgneiss, 43 per cent mafic amphibolites, and 20 per cent schists. This map is representative of 30-40 per cent of Laxfordian rocks. the second map is a plan view which can be rotated 90° about an axis perpendicular to strike to give a cross-section. This map is characterized by a fractal dimension of 2.55, with a horizontal correlation length of about 111m and a vertical correlation of about 38m (aspect ratio 3:1). It has a nearly bimodal population consisting of 77 per cent silicic gneisses and 22 per cent mafic amphibotites. It is representative of 60-70 per cent of Laxfordian rocks.Lastly we examine the seismic response of an upper to middle crust based on our statistical models using acoustic and elastic 2-D finite-difference synthetic seismograms. Short-offset shot records demonstrate that a Lewisian upper crust produces scattered waves which significantly disrupt signals reflecting from deeper levels. Measurements of transmission scattering Q, and coda decay rates confirm that seismic scattering in Lewisian-type crust is strong. the migrated CMP response of a Lewisian crustal model shows the characteristic ‘salt and pepper’ pattern often observed in the upper crust, and described, incorrectly, as ‘transparent'. We suggest that ‘translucent’ is a more appropriate descriptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 88 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The endogenous concentrations of prostaglandins F2α (PGF2α) and E (PGE) were measured during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in the endometrium from 14 women with unexplained menorrhagia (measured menstrual blood loss in excess of 50 ml) and 15 women with normal menses (blood loss 50 ml or less). Although there was no significant difference in the PGF 2α/PGE ratio between the two groups, this ratio was significantly lower in the endometrium from eight of the women whose blood loss exceeded 90 ml (p 〈0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between the PGF2α/PGE ratio and blood loss (r = 0.36, p 〈0.025). The synthetic capacity of the endometrium was assessed by incubation of the tissue with 14C arachidonic acid. Endometria from nine women with unexplained menorrhagia synthesized more PGE2 than PGF2α, whereas the converse was true with 11 control endometria. Consequently the PGF2α/PGE2 ratio was significantly reduced in the former group (p 〈0.025). Oestradiol-17β (200 μM) and to a greater extent 2 hydroxy oestradiol (200 μM) increased the total prostaglandin synthesis by the endometria, but did not significantly alter the PGF2α/PGE2 ratio. These results suggest that excessive blood loss may be associated with a shift in the endometrial conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide from PGF2α to PGE2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vaginal suppositories containing the 16–16 dimethyl trans Δ2 PGE1 methyl ester (ONO 802) were used for the induction of abortion in early pregnancy, and this non-surgical technique was compared with suction termination performed under local anaesthesia or general anaesthesia. Ninety patients were recruited to the study and divided equally between the three groups. Complete abortion was induced in 87 per cent of the patients treated with ONO 802 suppositories, which compared favourably with 87 and 100 per cent for the patients who had suction terminations under local anaesthesia and general anaesthesia respectively. The vaginal suppositories induced uterine bleeding in all patients and the mean time of onset of lower abdominal pain was 2 hours 55 minutes. The average numbers of episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea for patients given ONO 802 suppositories were 0·9 and 0·7 respectively. Menstrual blood loss was measured objectively in all groups and no significant differences between the three methods could be found In selected cases, ONO 802 vaginal suppositories would seem to be safe and reasonably effective for the termination of early pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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