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Notes: We have investigated proximity effects of Fe layers on the spin density waves (SDW) and the concomitant charge density waves or strain waves in thin epitaxial Cr[001] films using synchrotron and neutron scattering. Unlike in bulk Cr we observe a strong anisotropic occupation of the three possible SDWs with their wave vectors Q pointing along the {001} directions. In a pure 3000 Å thick Cr[001] film, the SDW exhibits an almost complete out-of-plane orientation, whereas in a Cr film of the same thickness capped by a 20 Å Fe layer the SDW becomes completely reoriented with Q now propagating in the plane. This SDW is preserved over the entire temperature range from 10 K up to the Néel temperature of about 311 K. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Conclusion In conclusion we would like to mention that a number of weak points of current SNA are avoided in LCA. In SNA, market prices and factor costs are used, which bring serious inconsistency into the calculations. LCA consistently uses production costs, that is labor costs. The value of net products is thereby reduced to the value of labor employed; national income, measured in labor values, is equal to the total income received from labor; and all uses are described in proporation to this income. A second problem refers to the inclusion of non-market goods, particularly of housework. This is solved in LCA with the help of Account O. Since this account can be calculated in terms of hours of labor, in principle only the actual hours worked in the household must be added in order to obtain the total production effort. No estimation of fictitious money value is necessary; the volume of labor can be determined with sufficient precision in units of labor hours. In addition to contractual working hours, other “labor hours” mus be considered. If, for example, a greater degree of division of labor results in greater commuting distances, this must be recorded. The labor expended by the family includes the hours worked in the household. Studied on working habits and certain home appliances exist. For example, it is noticeable that in 1971, in contrast to 1961, many social security have been shown to reduce housework significantly. Housework has become, at least in households without small children, a part-time job. These changes in working hours can generally be quantified, even though time spent on housework cannot be measured precisely to the minute. Finally, the problem of including environmental conservation, which is usually pointed out immediately as a criticism of GNP, can be at least partially solved throgh LCA. If a factory must install filters to prevent further air pollution, this show up in higher production costs, particularly in reproduction costs; only production costs can be found in SNA. If the government must install sewage treatment plants to maintain water potabilility, this is reflected in higher costs of reproduction, that is, a lower consumption surplus results from the same total amount of labor expended. This is the case whether the plant is financed through taxes or direct charges. Social costs of production, which cannot be found in current SNA, are also shown and differentiated in LCA. These result from those efforts which benefit the productive sector, either government or private households, without appearing on its books. If, for example, a deterioration of the environment makes necessary increasing expenditure on healt care, the appropriate norm in Account 5 increases, and with it the internal costs of labor. The economic aspects of environmental problem are taken into consideration in LCA. On the other hand, changes in Nature which have no economic consequences, that is create no costs, are not considered. If the landscape is changed only aesthetically, this change is not reflected in LCA. If, however, any conditions of production or reproduction changes in consequences, for example if a city dweller must travel further to find recreaction, thereby incurring greater cost, this change is reflected in LCA in the form of greater costs. Only if the maintenance of working potential is affected by environmental changes are the latter reflected in LCa; in which case, however, their impact is reflected entirley, This is certainly an improvement over current SNA.