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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ropalidia ; aggregation ; comb reuse ; nest fission ; social behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InRopalidia plebeiana, combs made in the previous year are often reused by foundresses in the following spring and structurally divided into subnests by them. Close observations of the comb dividing process revealed that: 1) combs that had multiple “brood areas” (areas where cells had eggs) were frequently divided into subnests, while those with single brood areas were never divided; 2) groups of foundresses each occupied a particular brood area even before comb division started; and 3) frequency with which a foundress practiced comb cutting was independent of her social status or oviposition frequency. These observations suggest that the initial grouping of foundresses that colonize an old nest leads to subsequent comb division, rather than the major egg layers cutting combs to safeguard their oviposition territories from their rivals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Cells ; queens ; caste differentiation ; queen control ; Vespula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The rearing of queen brood from worker cells in the nests ofVespula germanica (F.) in Australia was found at all stages of the colony cycle from early summer to autumn. Worker cells used to rear queens were 17% wider at their open ends than cells used for worker production, and in all other respects their dimensions were greater. The volume of a worker cell used for queen nearing was 21% larger than cells used for rearing workers but half the volume of a normal queen cell. Queen pupae reared in worker cells were significantly smaller than those reared in queen cells of the same nest. The spatial distribution of queen pupae in worker comb tended to be random although some evidence of nonrandom clustering was noted. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to caste differentiation and queen-control of gyne initiation and production. It is concluded that the phenomenon is neither seasonal nor due to some intrinsic component of the colony's annual cycle, and that it is unlikely to be an emergency queen-rearing response. Development of queens in worker cells may have occurred during favourable feeding regimes, perhaps determined by the benign Australian environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 42 (1969), S. 144-144 
    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of pest science 44 (1971), S. 80-80 
    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 11 (1968), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Rhyssa persuasoria und R. amoena, primäre Ektoparasiten der Larven und Puppen von Holzwespen der Familie Siricidae, werden zum Eiablageverhalten angeregt, wenn sie entweder aus Holzwespengalerien entnommenem Fraß oder einer Kultur der symbiotischen Pilze der Siriciden (Amylosterum spp.) ausgesetzt sind. Wirtslarven sind gewöhnlich für die Anregung zur Eiablage erforderlich. Der Kleptoparasit Pseudorhyssa sternata führt seine Legeröhre in die schon von Rhyssa spp. gebohrten Eiablagelöcher, und legt sein Ei in die Nähe des Eies oder der Junglarve des primärparasiten. Siriciden-Wirtslarven kamen auf eine nasse Fraßschicht in mit Papier zugedeckten, auf einer Perspex-Scheibe gedrillten Hohlräumen, wo sie zunächst legereifen Weibchen von Rhyssa spp. ausgesetzt wurden. Die Parasiten wurden von den Hohlräumen angelockt, bohrten in diese ein und legten ihre Eier auf die Wirtslarve oder den umliegenden Fraß ab. P. sternata-Weibchen wurden angelockt, entweder von Hohlräumen, worin die Primärparasiten gleichzeitig bohrten, oder von dem schon vorher von Rhyssa spp. durchbohrten Papier, und legten ihre Eier im Hohlraum ab. P. sternata kommt zur Eiablage, selbst wenn keine Siriciden-Larve und kein unreifes Stadium des Primärparasiten vorhanden sind. Parasiteneier und Wirtsstadien wurden in Zuchtkammern gesetzt, die es erlaubten, Beobachtungen über Verhalten und Entwicklung der Parasiten zu machen. Larven und Vorpuppen von Honigbienen konnten mit Erfolg als Ersatzwirte benutzt werden, sowohl für das Erhalten der Parasiteneiablage als auch für die Zucht der Parasitenlarven. Das weist auf die Möglichkeit einer Massenzucht von Ichneumoniden-Parasiten der Holzwespen unter künstlichen Bedingungen hin. Einige Anwendungen der Eiablage- und Zuchtverfahren werden angeführt.
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition under artificial conditions was readily induced in the primary parasites Rhyssa persuasoria and R. amoena and the cleptoparasite Pseudorhyssa sternata, ichneumonid ectoparasites of the larvae of siricid woodwasps. A method of rearing their immature stages on natural and substitute hosts is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 116-122 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles provenant de populations naturelles ou d'élevages traditionnels en laboratoire de la mouche Chrysomya bezziana sont en large majorité autogènes. Des femelles de C. bezziana non-autogènes et de taille réduite sont obtenues lorsque la durée de l'alimentation larvaire est abrégée. Les relations entre corps gras abdominal des larves (CGL = LFB dans le texte anglais), développement ovarien et réserves protéiniques ont été comparées chez les femelles autogènes et non-autogènes. A l'émergence, les femelles autogènes ont un CGL rapporté au poids corporel plus abondant que les femelles non-autogènes. Le volume du CGL est en relation directe avec la taille des femelles autogènes, mais cette corrélation ne se vérifie pas chez les femelles non-autogènes. A taille égale, mâles et femelles ont un volume égal de CGL, lequel s'épuise à la même vitesse, dépendant de la température. Chez les femelles autogènes, 70% environ du CGL disparaît avant le début de la vitellogenèse. Le CGL décroît plus rapidement ches les mouches de petite taille. Chez les femelles autogènes, le taux d'utilisation du CGL n'est past affecté par l'alimentation; chez les femelles non-autogènes en revanche, l'accès à une source de protéines après émergence des adultes réduit le taux d'utilisation du CGL. Les protéines provenant du CGL représentent quelque 24% du total des protéines ches les femelles autogènes fraîchement émergées. Chez C. bezziana, prélevé dans des populations naturelles et n'ayant pas reçu d'appoint en protéines, les ovaires mûrs contiennent 82% des protéines du CGL d'origine. Au même âge, les femelles non-autogènes n'ayant reçu aucun appoint en protéines ont des quantités insignifiantes de protéines ovariennes.
    Notes: Abstract The vast majority of females of the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from field populations and from normally maintained laboratory cultures are autogenous. Anautogenous C. bezziana females which are smaller in size are produced when the larval feeding period is curtailed. Autogenous and anautogenous C. bezziana were compared with reference to abdominal larval fat body (LFB), ovarian development and protein relationships. At emergence, autogenous C. bezziana have larger amounts of LFB relative to body size than anautogenous C. bezziana. Volume of LFB is directly correlated with body size in females showing autogeny but there is no correlation with size in females in the anautogenous size classes. Males and females of equal sizes have the same volume of LFB and their rates of LFB depletion are similar and temperature-dependent. In autogenous females, about 70% of the LFB disappears before vitellogenesis begins. LFB disappears more rapidly in smaller flies. In anautogenous C. bezziana females, access to a source of protein from the time of adult emergence reduced the rate of LFB depletion, but in autogenous flies the depletion rate is not affected by diet. LFB protein accounts for about 24% of total protein in newly emerged autogenous females of C. bezziana. The protein content of the mature ovaries of non-protein-fed wild C. bezziana is 85% of that of the original LFB protein. Non-protein-fed anautogenous C. bezziana of the same age have negligible quantities of ovary protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 23 (1978), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article décrit les techniques utilisées pour marquer avec le 32p les larves et adultes de Chrysomya bezziana. Les pontes des mouches marquées ont été aisément identifiées. Aux doses utilisées pour le relâchement des insectes dans la nature, ni l'activité de ponte, ni la fécondité, fertilité et longévité des femelles n'ont été défavorablement modifiées. Les pontes radioactives ont été recueillies sur des animaux-pièges mis en place après le lâcher des mouches marquées.
    Notes: Abstract Techniques for 32P labelling of larvae and adults of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, are described. Egg masses of labelled flies were readily identified. At the doses used for field releases, oviposition activity, fecundity, fertility and longevity of female flies were not adversely affected. Radioactive egg masses were recovered from sentinel animals following field release of labelled flies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 25 (1979), S. 75-85 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Quand les femelles de Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve ont le choix entre des solutions de protéine, de sucrose et d'eau, la consommation de protéines n'est importante que lesond, troisième et quatrième jours après l'émergence, et pendant les 3 jours suivant la première ponte. La consommation de protéines par les mâles reste faible pendant les 10 jours qui suivent l'émergence. Les consommations de protéines par des femmelles de Chrysomya bezziana (sauvages autogènes, elevées en laboratoire autogènes et anautogènes) et par des femelles de l'espèce anautogène Chrysomya megacephala F. ont été comparées. Pendant le premier cycle ovarien (jours 1 à 6) les solutions de protéine ingérées par les femelles autogènes (issues du laboratoire et sauvages de Chrysomya bezziana) correspondent respectivement à 9,5% et 9,4% du liquide total absorbé. Pendant le premier cycle ovarien la quantité de protéine ingérée par les femelles de Chrysomya megacephala représente 23% du liquide absorbé total. Pendant le second cycle ovarien de Chrysomya bezziana, les protéines ingérées représentent 21% de l'absorption totale de liquide. La présence de sucrose sec ou en liquide à concentration élevée réduit la consommation de protéines pendant le premier cycle ovarien de Chrysomya bezziana. L'essentiel de l'alimentation des femelles en carbohydrates a lieu pendant la photophase avec des pics tôt le matin et tard le soir, et avec un pic en find d'après midi pour les protéines. Les conséquences écologiques de ces résultats sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract When females of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, were given a choice of solutions of protein, sucrose and water, their protein intake was substantial only on days 2, 3 and 4 after emergence, and during the 3 days following the first oviposition. Protein consumption by males remained consistently low for 10 days following emergence. Protein ingestion by laboratory-bred autogenous and anautogenous females, autogenous wild females of C. bezziana, and females of the anautogenous blowly species, Chrysomya megacephala (F), was compared. During the first ovarian cycle (days 1–6), protein solution accounted for 9.5% and 9.4% of the total liquid intake of laboratory-bred and wild anautogenous females of C. bezziana. Protein ingestion by C. megacephala females during the first ovarian cycle represented 23% of the total liquids. During the second ovarian cycle in C. bezziana, protein ingestion represented 21% of total liquids. The presence of dry sucrose or sucrose solution of high concentration depressed protein intake during the first ovarian cycle in C. bezziana. Most feeding by females occurred during the photophase with early morning and late evening peaks in carbohydrate ingestion and a late afternoon peak in protein ingestion. The ecological implications of the results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La plupart des femelles de C. bezziana provenant de populations naturelles ou d'élevages au laboratoire sont autogènes, leurs ovocytes murissent sans apport externe de protéines au premier cycle ovarien. Chez très peu de femelles tous les ovocytes murissent; environ 30% d'entre eux sont résorbés sans, et 10% avec ingestion de protéines. Les mouches nourries de protéines ont des oeufs légèrement plus grands (1,31 à 1,33 mm de long) que celles privées de protéines (1,29 mm). Les femelles issues de larves sousalimentées sont de taille réduite, non-autogènes, et leurs ovocytes exigent un apport externe de protéines pour mûrir. 88% à 90% des ovocytes des femelles autogènes ou non nourries de protéines parviennent à maturité. A partir du second cycle ovarien, aucune femelle n'est autogène; 56% de celles qui ont disposé de protéines à discrétion pendant le premier cycle ovarien atteignent un stade précoce de vitellogenèse au second. Les femelles privées de protéines ne dépassent pas un stade de prévitellogenèse au second cycle ovarien. Le nombre d'ovocytes parvenant à maturité au cours du cycle second et des suivants n'est diminué que d'environ 16% par rapport au premier cycle si les femelles ont libre accès aux protéines. Quel que soit le cycle ovarien, la résopption a lieu à un stade précoce de vitellogenèse (stade IV à VI) et se déroule de manière comparable dans tous les cycles.
    Notes: Abstract The majority of wild and laboratory-reared Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are autogenous, maturing their ovaries during the first ovarian cycle in the absence of external sources of protein. Very few females mature all their oocytes however, resorption occurring in approximately 30% of oocytes if protein is not available and 10% when protein is ingested. Protein-fed flies produce larger eggs than protein-deprived ones. Females which are underfed as larvae are small and anautogenous, requiring external sources of protein to mature their ovaries. Protein-fed autogenous and anautogenous females mature a similar proportion of oocytes. During the second and subsequent ovarian cycles C. bezziana females are physiologically anautogenous although ad lib. protein feeding during the first ovarian cycle results in most females reaching an early stage of vitellogenesis in the second ovarian cycle. Protein-deprived females cease second cycle development in a previtellogenic stage. When females are given access ad lib. to protein, approximately 16% fewer oocytes are matured in the second and subsequent ovarian cycles than in the first cycle. Oosorption occurs during the early stages of vitellogenesis (stages IV–VI) and follows a similar temporal pattern in successive ovarian cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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