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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 352-352 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal reflexes ; Monosynaptic reflex ; Muscle afferent ; Presynaptic inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of low threshold afferents in the peroneal nerve causes a short latency facilitation of individual tibialis anterior motor units considered to be due to the composite Ia EPSP. This facilitation is depressed by vibration 20 to 128 Hz applied over the tibialis anterior. The depression occurs without any change in the firing rate of the motor unit or in the facilitation from cutaneous afferents and so is unlikely to be due to postsynaptic inhibition. The depression can occur with vibration frequencies as low as 40 Hz and is therefore unlikely to be due to occlusion in Ia afferents. There is no evidence that vibration alters the electrical threshold of large afferents. A similar facilitation of soleus motor units resulting from stimulation of low threshold afferents in the tibial nerve is depressed for up to 75 ms following a 40 ms burst of 50 Hz vibration applied to the tendon of the tibialis anterior. The burst of vibration itself did not facilitate soleus motor units so there is no evidence to suggest that the vibration spread to soleus spindles. Homosynaptic depression is, therefore, unlikely. These findings provide further evidence that pesynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents occurs in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Innervation-ratio ; Motor unit ; Volume conduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Volume conduction measurements were carried out on the brachial biceps, tibialis anterior and deltoid, in normal human subjects. Attenuation constant K and time constant t of the muscle tissue transfer function were measured, and the average electrode uptake area calculated for the three muscles. The average number of muscle fibres in the motor unit, i.e., the innervation ratio, was calculated from the electrode uptake area, data on the motor unit territory, and measurements of fibre density. The innervation ratios for the brachial biceps, tibialis anterior and deltoid were 209, 329, and 239 fibres, respectively. It was found that the anatomical scatter of fibres belonging to the same motor unit was smaller in brachial biceps than in tibialis anterior, whereas the electrophysiological “fibre density” was higher in tibialis anterior. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of normal and abnormal electromyographic findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Spinal cord evoked potentials ; Edema ; Cell changes ; p-CPA ; Diazepam ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that nitric oxide is somehow involved in the early bioelectrical disturbances following spinal cord injury in relation to the later pathophysiology of the spinal cord was examined in a rat model of spinal cord trauma. A focal trauma to the rat spinal cord was produced by an incision of the right dorsal horn of the T 10–11 segments under urethane anaesthesia. The spinal cord evoked potentials (SCEP) were recorded using epidural electrodes placed over the T9 and T12 segments of the cord following supramaximal stimulation of the right tibial and sural nerves in the hind leg. Trauma to the spinal cord significantly attenuated the SCEP amplitude (about 60%) immediately after injury which persisted up to 1h. However, a significant increase in SCEP latency was seen at the end of 5h after trauma. These spinal cord segments exhibited profound upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, and the development of edema and cell injury. Pretreatment with a serotonin synthesis inhibitor drug p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) or an anxiolytic drug diazepam significantly attenuated the decrease in SCEP amplitude, upregulation of NOS, edema and cell injury. On the other hand, no significant reduction in SCEP amplitude, NOS immunolabelling, edema or cell changes were seen after injury in rats pretreated with L-NAME. These observations suggest that nitric oxide is somehow involved in the early disturbances of SCEP and contribute to the later pathophysiology of spinal cord injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 214 (1971), S. 46-55 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Antiepileptic Drugs ; Mogadon ; Nitrazepam ; Side Effects ; EEG ; Epilepsie ; Antiepileptische Behandlung ; Mogadon ; Nitrazepam ; Nebenwirkungen ; EEG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 37 Fällen von Epilepsie, die auf frühere antiepileptische Medikation nicht zufriedenstellend angesprochen hatten, wurde Mogadon in Dosen von 10–30 mg täglich zu der früheren Medikation hinzugefügt. 15 der Fälle hatten eine psychomotorische Epilepsie, in 6 anderen Fällen lagen partielle Anfälle anderen Typs vor, in 2 Fällen Petit mal, in 2 Fällen myoklonisches Petit mal und in 12 Fällen unklassifizierbare Anfälle vom generalisierten Typ. Die Behandlungszeit betrug bis zu 3 Jahren. Sämtliche Patienten waren Erwachsene. Das Resultat war am besten bei partiellen Anfällen, wo 20 der Patienten gebessert wurden, sowie bei Fällen mit myoklonischem Petit mal, die sich beide auffallend besserten. In den übrigen Fällen mit primär generalisierten Anfällen war das Resultat weniger befriedigend, da nur 6 von 14 Fällen gebessert wurden. Das EEG der Patienten wurde während der Behandlung kontrolliert, und die Befunde gingen im großen und ganzen parallel zu den klinischen Resultaten. Fokale epileptogene Aktivität wurde regelmäßig gut beeinflußt. Die Beeinflussung epileptogener Aktivität, die von subcorticalen Strukturen projiziert wurde, war bedeutend geringer. Bereits nach einigen Tagen Behandlung sah man einen größeren Anteil von Beta-Aktivität im EEG. Das Resultat dauerte im großen und ganzen bei Langzeitbehandlung bis zu 3 Jahren an, und die Nebenwirkungen waren gering.
    Notes: Summary Mogadon has been tested as an anti-epileptic drug in 37 adult patients where other therapy had been unsuccessful. The daily dose was 10–30 mg, which was added to earlier therapy. Fifteen patients had psychomotor epilepsia, 6 partial attacks of other types, 2 petit mal, 2 myoclonic petit mal, and 12 had unclassified attacks of a generalized type. The observation time was up to 3 years. The results were best in cases with partial attacks where the number of fits was clearly reduced in 20 of the patients. The same good result was also obtained in the 2 cases with myoclonic petit mal. In the other cases with primarily generalized attacks Mogadon was effective in only 6 out of 14 patients. The patients were followed with EEG-recordings, where the findings well parallelled the clinical results. Focal epileptogenic activity was regularly depressed, while the effect was less on epileptogenic activity from subcortical structures. After only a few days of Mogadon therapy, the beta-activity increased in the EEG-recordings. There was on the whole no diminution of the effect of Mogadon after 3 years, and the side effects were usually negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 481-488 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Human nerve ; Nerve stimulation ; Bipolar stimulation ; Anodal stimulation ; Nerve conduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bipolar surface stimulation of human peripheral nerves with short square pulses elicits action potentials in the A-alpha fibers at the beginning of the stimulus pulse both at the cathode (cathodal stimulation) and simultaneously in a hypopolarized region surrounding the anode (anodal stimulation). When recording with a bipolar surface electrode on the “anodal side” of the stimulating electrode a stimulus of medium strength gives a double peak response of submaximal amplitude. The peak with long latency is generated by the cathode and the peak with short latency by the anode. With a strong stimulus and recording on the “anodal side” only the short latency peak (with a maximal amplitude) is recorded. With a weak stimulus only the long latency peak (with a submaximal or maximal amplitude) is seen. These findings have importance in standard neurography investigations since mistakes concerning the polarity of the stimulating electrode affect the calculation of latencies, nerve conduction velocities, F-responses and SEPs. A nerve action potential with dual peaks may also be mistaken as a sign of anomalous innervation or activation of nerve axon subpopulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 14 (1976), S. 697-698 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Instrumentation ; Single-fibre electromyography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A device is constructed which allows the amplitude of any signal appearing on an arbitrarily chosen part of the oscilloscope sweep to be decreased or increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 23 (1985), S. 536-540 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Action potentials ; Electromyography ; Motor unit action potentials ; Simulations ; Uptake area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A modified line source model was used to simulate single muscle fibre action potentials and their radial decline as measured using a single fibre (SF), concentric needle (CN) and macroelectromyography (EMG) electrode. The 90 per cent attenuation distance, defined as the distance from the fibre at which the peak-to-peak amplitude of the action potential declines to 10 per cent of its value measured near the fibre, was determined. For the CN and macro electrode this distance was 1·4 and 4·1 times, respectively, the distance measured for the SF electrode Based on the decline characteristics obtained from our simulations and experimental data reported in the literature, we inferred that in a normal human biceps muscle the spike component of CN MUAPs is produced mainly by the action potentials of the closest one-six muscle fibres. This inference was used to interpret the changes in MUAP amplitude seen by clinical EMG in neuromuscular diseases. The decline of action potential amplitude with distance from the electrode was least when recordings were made by the macro-EMG electrode. The three electrodes differed in their uptake area and thus recordings made with them provided complementary information about the motor unit architecture and the way it changes in neuromuscular diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 22 (1984), S. 564-568 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Action potential ; Computer simulations ; Electrical characteristics ; Low pass filters ; Radial decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A modified line source model presented earlier has been used to study the decline of the extracellular single muscle fibre action potential. The muscle tissue is modelled as a low-pass filter. The transfer function of the filter declines more slowly than a first order low-pass filter at low frequencies, but much faster at high frequencies. The cutoff frequency of the filter increases when the anisotropy of the muscle decreases. It also increases proportionally with the propagation velocity of the action potential. The decline of different frequency components obtained from the modified line source volume conductor and a filter model derived from experimental measurements are compared and their differences explained. The modified line source model was found to be identical to the volume conductor model in terms of results and at the same time conceptually simple for applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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