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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In a recent article in Terra Nova, Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann (1994) suggested that the Biblical Flood can be explained by seven fragments of a comet that impacted the ocean at seven locations on Earth at 03.00h (C.E.T.) on 23 September, 9545 yr BP. We demonstrate that all the ‘geological proofs’ that allegedly support their conclusions are not supported by the available data on impact cratering. Their hypothesis is based on insufficient and ambiguous data, selective citation, and incomplete comprehension of previous research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 64 (1975), S. 915-947 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Regarding the importance of the Ries impact structure in the field of planetary geology an attempt is made to synthesize the presently known results of geologic mapping in the Ries area and of general field and laboratory observations. The ballistic bulk ejecta of the crater (diameter about 23 km) form a continuous blanket of mixed breccia (“Bunte Trümmermassen”). Outside the crater more than 90% of its constituents are derived from unshocked fragments of the 750 m thick pre-Ries sedimentary rock strata. This blanket is overlain with a sharp discontinuity by suevite breccia which forms a continuous layer inside the crater and patch-like isolated occurrences outside the crater. Their pattern of distribution is believed to be primary. Suevite is mainly composed of fragments of all stages of shock metamorphism derived from the crystalline basement. The present asymmetrical distribution of éjecta outside the crater rim results from relatively young erosion during the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. The erosional history indicates that the primary distribution of ejecta was symmetrical with respect to the center of the crater extending up to a distance of at least some 40 km from the impact center. A number of characteristics of the structure and composition of the Ries ejecta formations are discussed and verified quantitatively by new field data. It is shown that the structure and composition of the ejecta formations can be explained qualitatively by the physics of impact cratering and be duplicated by hypervelocity cratering experiments.
    Abstract: Résumé Vu la signification que confère le cratère météorique du Nördlinger Ries à la géologie planétaire, un essai de synthèse est présenté sur l'état actuel de la cartographie géologique ainsi que d'autres observations générales de terrain et expérimentales. La grande masse des matériaux éjectés du cratère (diamètre environ 23 km) forme une couverture continue de brèches colorées (Bunte Trümmermassen). A l'extérieur elle est constituée, à plus de 90%, de fragments faiblement entrechoqués provenant des 750 métrés de couches sédimentaires affectées par l'impact. Cette couverture de brèches est surmontée par la brèche suévitique déposée avec une discordance marquée; à l'intérieur du cratère cette brèche constitue une nappe plus ou moins continue, tandis qu'à l'extérieur elle forme des plages isolées. Il est admis que la distribution actuelle correspond à la distribution initiale. Les suévites sont composées surtout de fragments du socle cristallin présentant tous les degrés de métamorphisme de choc. La distribution asymétrique actuelle des matériaux éjectés à l'extérieur du cratère est due à une é rosion plus récente au Pliocène et au Pleistocène. La répartition primaire était vraisemblablement symétrique par rapport au centre du cratère jusqu'à une distance d'au moins 40 km du centre. — La structure et la composition des matériaux éjectés présentent des charactères systématiques qui sont discutés et confirmés en partie par des observations quantitatives nouvelles sur le terrain: ceux-ci peuvent Être expliqués par les processus physiques agissant lors de la formation du cratère et se retrouvent dans les essais expérimentaux ballistiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung des Impaktkraters Nördlinger Ries im Bereich der planetarischen Geologie wird versucht, bis heute bekannte geologische Kartierungsergebnisse sowie Feld- und Laborbeobachtungen zusammenfassend darzustellen. Der ballistische Hauptauswurf des Kraters (Durchmesser ca. 23 km) erzeugt eine geschlossene Decke von „Bunten Trümmermassen“, die au\erhalb des Kraters zu über 90% aus wenig beanspruchten Fragmenten der 750 m mächtigen präriesischen Sedimentgesteine bestehen. Diese Auswurfsdecke wird diskordant von Suevit-Breccie überlagert, die im Krater in einer geschlossenen Schicht und au\erhalb des Kraters in vermutlich bereits primär sporadischen Vorkommen verbreitet ist. Sie enthalten überwiegend Fragmente des kristallinen Grundgebirges in allen Stufen der Sto\wellenmetamorphose. Die heutige, asymmetrische Verteilung der Auswurfsmassen in bezug auf den Kraterrand ist durch Erosion im Pliozän und Pleistozän entstanden. Ihre primäre Verteilung war mit gro\er Wahrscheinlichkeit zentrosymmetrisch bis zu einer radialen Mindestentfernung von etwa 40 km vom Kraterzentrum. Die Gesetzmä\igkeiten im Aufbau der Auswurfsmassen des Kraters werden, soweit möglich, mit quantitativen Daten belegt. Es wird gezeigt, da\ diese Gesetzmä\igkeiten qualitativ aus den physikalischen Vorgängen bei der Kraterbildung heraus und durch ballistische Experimente simulierbar sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 9 (1963), S. 285-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An einem Profil des Flozes Wahlschied (Ottweiler Schichten, Stefan A) der Grube Ensdorf, Saar, warden röntgenographische, differentialthermoanalytische, mikroskopische, schwermineralanalytische und geochemische Untersuchungen angestellt. Sie beziehen sich auf die Aschen der Kohlen und die tonigen Zwischenmittel des Flözes. Unter diesen befindet sich eine kaolinitische Lage, welche sich zu den Kohlenaschen, den Ton- und Brandschiefern sedimentpetrographisch, mineralogisch und geochemisch vollkommen inkongruent verhält. Dieser sogenannte „Tonstein” (Kristalltonstein) kann daher nicht von dem allgemeinen, fluviatil-limnischen Sedimentationsprozeß während der Flözbildung abgeleitet werden. Die Korngrößenverteilung von Quarz und Zirkon, das Auftreten von Quarzsplittern, die durch Zerbrechen größerer Kristalle entstanden sind, die Art, Verteilung und Ausbildung der Schwermineralien, die hohen Berylliumgehalte, die niedrigen Chromgehalte und die große Horizontbeständigkeit weisen vielmehr darauf hin, daß die Ausgangsstoffe des Tonsteins auf rhyolithische Tuffe zurück-zuführen sind, welche im karbonischen Sumpfmoor äolisch abgelagert und dort in situ kaolinisiert warden. Andere Tonsteine des Saarkarbons aus dem Westfal C bis Stefan A zeigen ähnliche Eigenschaften. Zum erstenmal konnte für das Saarkarbon in zwei Tonsteinhorizonten ein Tonmineral mit unregelmäßiger Wechsellagerungsstruktur (Montmorillonit-Illit) nachgewiesen werden. Die Ausbildung verschiedener Tonsteinvarietäten beruht auf einer variablen Zusammensetzung der Ausgangsstoffe und dem Zusammenwirken von Mächtigkeit der Tonsteinlage und Einflußkraft der humussauren Lösungen des Moores (P h -Wert des Milieus). Es kann angenommen werden, daß die aschefördernden Vulkane im Bereich der saxo-thuringischen Zone des Variszikums gelegen haben.
    Notes: Abstract A profile of the coal seam Wahlschied (Ottweiler Layers, Stefanien A) of the Ensdorf Mine in the Saar was studied by X-rays, differential thermal analysis, the microscope and by heavy mineral and geochemical analyses. This study was restricted to the coal ashes and the clay intercalations. Among these occurs a kaolinitic layer which does not fit into the normal petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical frame of the coal ashes and the shales. The so called „clay stone” (Kristalltonstein) can therefore not be derived from the regular fluvial-hmnic process of sedimentation during the formation of the coal seam. The grain-size distribution of quartz and zircon, the occurence of splinters of quartz, which formed from larger crystals by mechanical breakage, as also the composition, distribution and the habit of the heavy minerals, the high content of beryllium, the low chromium content and the consistent lateral extent point rather to a different origin. The source material of this „clay stone” appears to be a rhyolithic tuff which was deposited from the air in the Carboniferous swamps and which was kaolinized in situ. Other occurences of „clay stones” in the Carboniferous of the Saar Area, ranging from Westfalien C to Stefanien A, show similar properties. It was possible to describe a clay mineral with an irregular mixed layer structure (mont-morillonite-illite) from two „clay stone” layers. Whereas this mixed layer clay mineral has been described previously from the Ruhr Area, this is the first description for the Carboniferous of the Saar. The variability of different types of „clay stones” derives from the compositional variations of the source material and from the combined influence of the thickness of the „clay stone” layer and the humic acids in solution in the bogs (p h -value of the milieu). One may assume that the volcanoes which were the sources of the ashes were located in the saxo-thuringian zone of the variscan region.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 356 (1992), S. 507-509 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Hypervelocity collisions of still-molten or at least 'hot' planetary objects were common in the early Solar System, as indicated by observations of meteorites3'4. On Earth, the Sudbury structure with a transient cavity reaching the lower crust15'16 is an instructive example of an impact on hot ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 388 (1997), S. 331-332 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The 100-km-diameter Popigai structure in Siberia is probably the fifth largest impact crater on Earth. Its age has been disputed — it could be anything from 5 to 65 million years (Myr) old. But this controversy appears to be finally settled: on page 365of this issue, Bottomley et al. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 44 (1974), S. 157-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Kelly brecciated chondrite, originally classified as a polymict breccia, is actually a monomict breccia, based on conclusions from this study. Microprobe analyses of differently textured clasts are very similar to each other and also to well-known LL-type chondrites. Clast and matrix olivine compositions range between Fa27–31, well within the range of LL-chondrite olivine. A correlation was found between the degree of recrystallization and plagioclase composition; least recrystallized plagioclase is more Ca-rich than fully recrystallized plagioclase. Petrographic observations of shocked, annealed, and unshocked clasts coupled with particle size distribution measurements strongly indicate that Kelly is similar to lunar metabreccias in mode of formation, i.e., repeated mixing and accumulation of disaggregated surface rocks and impacting debris followed by partial annealing under moderate temperatures. At least three breccia generations are indicated. We propose that Kelly is an LL-chondrite parent body metabreccia that represents the final accumulation phase of the parent body. Only LL-type fragments were found in Kelly, which suggests that the parent body consisted of only LL-chondrites and was not a multi-shelled body of H-, L-, and LL-chondrites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 16 (1967), S. 51-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Plagioclase from fragments of crystalline basement rocks in breccias found in the area of the Nördlinger Ries crater displays characteristic plastic deformation and phase transition phenomena due to shock metamorphism at different pressures in the range of 100 to 1000 kilobars. These phenomena are discussed in the scope of a progressive impact metamorphism the degree of metamorphism reflecting a radial gradient of pressure and temperature diminishing outward from the point of meteorite impact. Within the lowest pressure range of about 100 to 300 kilobars (shock stage I) strong fracturing and plastic deformation such as bending of crystals, deformation bands and “planar features” (lamellae of lowered refractive index and of lowered or no birefringence) are to be found. The lamellae which are mostly isotropic, are interpreted as slip bands the glide planes of which are low indices planes of the plagioclase lattice such as (001), (010), (100), (1¯20), (130) and others. These slip bands are unknown from feldspar formed by normal processes within the earth's crust. Plagioclase of such a stage of deformation shows an unusual strong decrease of refraction and birefringence. Its optical properties are those of a highly disordered plagioclase. It may be called “diaplectic” plagioclase. Total isotropization of plagioclase is a typical feature of the pressure range from 300 to 500 kilobars (shock stage II). This glass which is called “diaplectic” glass differs strongly from the normal glass in physical properties and structural state. It is formed by a kind of solid state transformation without actual melting. Shock pressures in the order of 500 to 650 kilobars (shock stage III) are able to cause selective melting of plagioclase grains in a crystalline rock. Normal glasses with vesicles and streaks are formed by this process. Within the pressure range of about 650 to 1000 kilobars (shock stage IV) residual temperatures are so high that total melting of rocks occurs. Plagioclase melts are mixed inhomogenously with other silicate melts forming rock melts which can be found in suevite as flat glassy bombs. Vaporization of silicates must be expected in the upper pressure range of this shock stage. Statistical universal stage measurements on the fabric of plagioclase support theoretical considerations after which the deformation pattern of a single crystal should depend on the fabric relations to the surrounding minerals and on their physical properties. Strongly inhomogenous deformation of plagioclase minerals within the microscopic rock scale was observed because polycrystalline rocks are disorganizing a unique shock front by interaction of wave fronts at interfaces and free surfaces and perhaps by multiwave shocks. Directions of compressive and tensile stresses on a mineral are therefore changing from grain to grain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 489-490 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Space science reviews 56 (1991), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Comet Nucleus Sample Return Mission ROSETTA, a cornerstone mission of ESA jointly planned with NASA, requires the implementation of a highly sophisticated curatorial facility for the returned samples. A concept for the instrumentation and the mode of operation of a Comet Sample Receiving Laboratory (CSRL) is proposed. The main elements of the facility are: (1) cryogenic evacuated cabinets with robotic manipulators, (2) devices for sample dissection, aliquotisation, phase separation, and thin section preparation, and (3) instrumentation for non-destructive chemical and physical analyses and facilities for destructive mineralogical, textural, and (micro)chemical analyses. It is recommended that a very detailed Primary Sample Examination and Analysis be performed on a small representative fraction of the samples at the P-T-conditions of the parent comet nucleus before sample aliquots are released to Principal Investigators. The CSRL should be staffed with top rank personnel and supervised by an international peer review panel which may also be responsible for the selection of investigators and the allocation of samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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