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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 384 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 384 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 384 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 384 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 15 (1987), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract William of Ockham, 14th-century scholastic philosopher at Oxford and Munich, emphasized the principle of economy, “pleurality is not to be supposed without necessity” (Ockham's razor).Necessity is the key word. In the modeling of steady-state lung liquid and protein exchange, the desire for simplicity has sometimes outweighed good judgment. In fact, we and others have shown that simple models do not work. It is necessary to include several forms of inhomogeneity. The air-filled lung showsregional (top to bottom) variations of mass, microvascular pressure, and perimicrovascular protein concentration. Normally, the small longitudinal (arterioles to venules) gradient of microvascular and perimicrovascular pressures is not a major concern, but in nonuniform disease processes, such as microembolism, longitudinal inhomogeneity, andparallel inhomogeneity are dominant.Multiple pores should also be considered a form of inhomogeneity. The effect on liquid and protein exchange, when plasma protein concentration or microvascular pressure change, can be readily explained using pore heterogeneity. The model I am currently using consists of a large number of discrete compartments (18), rather than a continuous distribution. We have recently identified a fifth inhomogeneity, which is that lung lymph flow might not always represent steady-state transvascular filtration because interstitial liquid may leak through the pleura or along the bronchovascular liquid cuffs into the mediastinum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 208 (1984), S. 401-409 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We studied the parietal pleura of six sheep to obtain information on pleura structure, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage. In the strict sense, the parietal pleura is composed of a single layer of mesothelial cells and a uniform layer of loose, irregular connective tissue (about 23 μm in width) subjacent to the mesothelial cells. The parietal pleural blood vessels are 10-15 μm from the pleural space. Tracer substances put in the pleural space are removed at specific locations. Colloidal carbon and chick red blood cells are cleared by teh parietal pleural lymphatics located over the intercostal spaces at the caudal end of the thoracic wall and over the lateral sides of the pericardial sac. In these areas the mesothelial cells have specialized openings, the stomata, that directly communicate with the underlying lymphatic lacunae. Cells and particulate matter in the pleural space are cleared only by the parietal pleural lymphatics. Compared to the visceral pleura, we believe the thinness of the parietal pleura, the closeness of its blood vessels to the pleural space, and its specialized lymphatic clearance pathways, together indicate that the parietal pleura plays a major role in pleural liquid and protein dynamics in sheep.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 212 (1985), S. 129-131 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated the arterial supply to, and the venous drainage from, the caudal mediastinal lymph node (CMN) in 18 anesthetized and exsanguinated sheep. The purpose of this gross anatomic investigation was to determine the CMN's blood supply so that a structural base can be used to interpret studies of the bronchial circulation's role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. In ten sheep, we cannulated the bronchoesophageal artery at its origin from the aorta and injected Microfil. This artery, which branches into cranial and caudal divisions 2-4 mm distal to its origin, supplied the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and visceral pleura. The CMN is supplied by the caudal division, as it courses between the CMN and aorta. Microfil injected through the thoracic aorta did not enter the CMN when the bronchoesophageal artery was ligated at its origin. These results indicate that only the bronchoesophageal artery supplies the CMN. In eight sheep we cannulated the vein at the head of the CMN (dorsal mediastinal vein) and injected Microfil, both peripherally and centrally. Peripherally, injected veins reached the CMN and esophagus. The dorsal mediastinal vein extended posteriorly to the CMN in three of the eight sheep, eventually emptying into the left azygos vein near the diaphragm. Centrally, the dorsal mediastinal vein joined the left azygos vein near the heart in six of the eight sheep, including the three in which the dorsal mediastinal vein extended posteriorly to the CMN. In the remaining two sheep the dorsal mediastinal vein drained centrally into the right azygos vein. We conclude that the bronchoesophageal artery supplies the CMN and that either the left or right azygos vein drains it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 165 (1982), S. 277-294 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated the morphology of the visceral pleura of 36 sheep, using macroscopic, histologic, and ultrastructural approaches to quantify regional pleural thickness, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage, including the pulmonary ligament and hilar lymphatic distributions. Pleural thickness increased caudally and dorsally, such that the costal pleura of the caudal lobes had a mean minimum pleural thickness of 83 μm. The blood supply to the entire visceral pleura came exclusively from the bronchial arteries. Lymph vessels formed an extensive plexus throughout the serous membrane of all lobes. Trunk lymphatics (〉 100 μm diameter) had a density of about 2/cm of pleural length on all lobar surfaces except for the cranial and middle lobes, where their density on the costal surfaces was ≤ 1/cm. Pleural trunk lymphatics coursed to the pulmonary ligaments and to the hilum on their way to regional lymph nodes. At the hilum they anastomose with intrapulmonary lymphatic trunks. The principal lymph nodes to receive pulmonary lymph were the caudal mediastinal node and tracheobronchial nodes. The visceral pleura of sheep is thick, showing considerable regional diversity in morphology.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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