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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear filtering in improving the image quality of confocal fluorescent images (1991)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 4 (1991), S. 243-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: fluorescence imaging ; confocal ; median filtering ; biomedical microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A different way of processing confocally scanned fluorescence images is presented. Linear median hybrid methods and linear filtering methods are compared numerically with a conventionally processed artificial data set and with real confocal data. The use of linear median hybrid techniques reduces the time required for recording three-dimensional data sets with a confocal fluorescence microscope as well as the photo-damage to the biological sample. The implementation of a linear median algorithm on the hardware level of a confocal microscope is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01815301
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light microscopy Beyond the diffraction limit? (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 417 (2002), S. 806-807 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The two best-known physical limitations are Abbe's resolution limit in optical physics and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in quantum physics. Each defines a natural limit to the resolution or accuracy with which certain parameters can be measured. But, writing in Physical Review Letters, Marcus ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417806a
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarity controls forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 409 (2001), S. 630-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Cell divisions that create daughter cells of different sizes are crucial for the generation of cell diversity during animal development. In such asymmetric divisions, the mitotic spindle must be asymmetrically positioned at the end of anaphase. The mechanisms by which cell polarity translates ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35054572
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confocal theta microscope with three objective lenses (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3367-3372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A microscope using three water immersion objective lenses which realizes confocal, 4Pi-confocal and various confocal theta microscopies in fluorescence, transmission, scattered, and reflection mode is described. An argon-ion laser is the primary light source. A pulsed titanium-sapphire laser allows two-photon absorption fluorescence microscopy. The instrument has a predicted resolution of 100 nm along the illumination axis and a three-dimensional resolution of 5×106 nm3 for lenses each with a numerical aperture of 0.75. This is an improvement of an order of magnitude over a confocal fluorescence microscope using the same lens. Applications of the microscope range from observation of a sample at three different angles, to confocal theta fluorescence microscopy with multiphoton absorption. Since mounting and immersion media are identical, aberrations become negligible. The large working distance of 2 mm makes the instrument ideal for the observation of biological samples of up to 1.5 mm in diameter such as drosophila embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144574
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A confocal fiber-coupled single-lens theta microscope (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 2956-2963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A confocal theta microscope using a single water-immersion objective lens is described. The system is based on the Zeiss Axioplan universal microscope, such that the illumination light is coupled into, and the detected light out of, the microscope optics via optical fibers attached to the reflector slider of the microscope. Conventional wide-field, laser-scanning confocal, confocal theta, and 4Pi-confocal theta microscopy modes are available with the system. As the design can be easily adapted to other microscopes, objective lenses, and wavelengths, it allows confocal theta techniques to be implemented in many standard systems. The design constraints and specifications for the microscope are given, as well as a demonstration of its performance. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149040
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional position detection of optically trapped dielectric particles (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 5474-5488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented together with simulation results that describe three-dimensional position detection of a sphere located in a highly focused beam by back-focal plane interferometry. This technique exploits the interference of scattered and unscattered light, which is projected on a quadrant photodiode placed in the back-focal plane of a condenser lens. Due to the Gouy-phase shift inherent in focused beams, it is not only possible to determine the lateral but also the axial position of a spherical particle with nanometer accuracy. In this paper we describe the calculation of arbitrary focused electromagnetic fields, the Gouy phase shift, Mie scattering by focused beams and the resulting position signals using the angular momentum representation. The accuracy and the sensitivity of the detection system are investigated theoretically for various sphere parameters. Both accuracy and sensitivity depend on the incident light distribution as well as on the particle's properties and position. It is further shown that the maximum capture angle of the detection lens influences the detector's sensitivity in a nonlinear manner. Additionally, for optical trapping applications the influence of the laser power is taken into account and is considered through a noise analysis. For all investigated trapping conditions the reconstructed position deviates on average 〈1 nm laterally and 〈5 nm axially from the actual particle position. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1459748
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional thermal noise imaging (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 3878-3880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present a scanning probe microscope based on optical tweezers for three-dimensional imaging of the topology of transparent material in the nanometer range. A spherical nanoparticle serves as a probe. An optical trap moves it through the sample (e.g., a polymer network), while the position of the particle center is recorded by three-dimensional interferometry. Accessible volumes are reconstructed from the histogram of thermal position fluctuations of the particle. The resolution in determining the position of surfaces in three dimensions is about 20 nm. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1423404
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution axial and lateral position sensing using two-photon excitation of fluorophores by a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 446-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The change in position of fluorescent beads captured inside the focal volume of optical tweezers is monitored using fluorescence emission induced by two-photon absorption of a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser (λ=1064 nm). The displacement of a bead due to interactions with its environment leads to a fluorescence intensity variation that is used to design a novel spatial sensor. We determine changes in the axial position of a CY3-labeled latex bead with a diameter of 1.03 μm to a precision better than 10 nm. At an intensity of 600 mW/ μm2 the two-photon bleaching rate is lower than 50% per 2000 s. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118134
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and dynamics of human interphase chromosome territories in vivo (1998)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 102 (1998), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new approach is presented which allows the in vivo visualization of individual chromosome territories in the nuclei of living human cells. The fluorescent thymidine analog Cy3-AP3-dUTP was microinjected into the nuclei of cultured human cells, such as human diploid fibroblasts, HeLa cells and neuroblastoma cells. The fluorescent analog was incorporated during S-phase into the replicating genomic DNA. Labelled cells were further cultivated for several cell cycles in normal medium. This well-known scheme yielded sister chromatid labelling. Random segregation of labelled and unlabelled chromatids into daughter nuclei resulted in nuclei exhibiting individual in vivo detectable chromatid territories. The territories were composed of subcompartments with diameters ranging between approximately 400 and 800 nm which we refer to as subchromosomal foci. Time-resolved in vivo studies demonstrated changes of positioning and shape of territories and subchromosomal foci. The hypothesis that subchromosomal foci persist as functionally distinct entities was supported by double labelling of chromatin with CldU and IdU, respectively, at early and late S-phase and subsequent cultivation of corresponding cells for 5–10 cell cycles before fixation and immunocytochemical detection. This scheme yielded segregated chromatid territories with distinctly separated subchromosomal foci composed of either early- or late-replicating chromatin. The size range of subchromosomal foci was similar after shorter (2 h) and longer (16 h) labelling periods and was observed in nuclei of both living and fixed cells, suggesting their structural identity. A possible functional relevance of chromosome territory compartmentalization into subchromosomal foci is discussed in the context of present models of interphase chromosome and nuclear architecture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050686
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Konfokale Fluoreszenzmikroskopie in der Zellbiologie (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 21 (1991), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Der Zellbiologe ist daran interessiert, spezifische Strukturen in Zellen sichtbar zu machen, urn mit dem Mikroskop die Morphologie zu untersuchen. Dabei macht er sich die Eigenschaften von Antikörpern zunutze, die bestimmte Moleküle innerhalb der Zelle erkennen und gezielt an ihnen binden. Um den Bindungsort der spezifischen Antikörper sichtbar zu machen, wird ein zweiter Antikörper zugefügt, der an die Oberfläche des ersten Antikörpers bindet. Dieser zweite Antikörper ist mit einem fluoreszierenden Molekül gekoppelt, das mit Licht einer kürzeren Wellenlänge angeregt wird und Licht einer längeren Wellenlänge wieder ausstrahlt (Abbildung 1). Mit Filtern lassen sich Anregung und Abstrahlung trennen, und die markierten Strukturen der Zelle leuchten in einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop hell auf. Die hier beschriebene Technik wird als indirekte Immunfluoreszenz bezeichnet, da erst der zweite Antikörper fluorochromiert ist.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19910210109
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