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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Farmyard manure ; Vertisol ; P availability ; P fixation ; Organic and inorganic P fractions ; P mobilization ; Low-input agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Availability, fixation, and transformation of added P were studied in a 16-week incubation experiment with a Vertisol amended with farmyard manure in pots with 500 g soil each. P availability, as measured by Olsen P, decreased for up to 8 weeks with various rates of added P, when no manure was applied. In the presence of farmyard manure, P availability decreased during the first 6 weeks and then showed a considerable increase from the 8th week onwards. P fixation increased for up to 8 weeks with the rates of P in the absence of manure. With manure application, P fixation increased only during the first 6 weeks and thereafter decreased continuously. Thus the presence of farmyard manure shortened the period of P fixation and promoted its availability. After 16 weeks of incubation, when manure and fertilizer P were applied together, P was transformed into labile organic (NaHCO3-P), moderately labile organic P (NaOH-P), and calcium-bound inorganic P (HCl-P). When manure was not applied. P accumulated predominantly as labile inorganic (NaHCO3-P), moderately labile inorganic (NaOH-P), and inorganic HCl-P. The application of farmyard manure enriched long-term P fertility through NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P and a short-term P supply as HCl-P. All fractions except inorganic NaOH-P showed good relationships with Olsen P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Perionyx excavatus ; Earthworms ; Feeding activity ; Plant residues ; Mineralization ; Maturity parameters ; Vermicomposting ; C/N ratio ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An outdoor study was undertaken using polyethylene containers to assess the suitability of different organic residues, soybean straw (Glycine max L. Merril.), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.), maize stover (Zea mays L.), chickpea straw (citer arietinum L.) and city garbage, as food for the tropical epigeic earthwormPerionyx excavatus, and to assess the influence of this earthworm on the decomposition of these materials. Maize stover was found to be the most suitable of the food materials used. Population growth ofP. excavatus was enhanced by addition of these organic materials in the temperature range 24°-30°C, while the population was adversely affected above 30°C in a vermiculture system. Addition of earthworms accelerated the breakdown of residues, which ultimately resulted in a lowering of the C:N ratio, water-soluble carbon and carbohydrates, and increased ash percentage and cation exchange capacity compared with their respective controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus dynamics ; Olsen ; phosphorus ; Soil phosphorus fractions ; Manure ; Soybean-wheat rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (P0) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg–1 was 17.9 kg ha–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO3-extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and NaHCO3-extractable P0 (NaHCO3-P0)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable Pi (NaOH-Pi) and NaOH-extractable P0 (NaOH-P0)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H2SO4/H2O2-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO3-Pi and -P0 and NaOH-Pi, and -P0 fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi and NaOH-P0 fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsPerionyx excavatus ; Earthworms ; Feeding activity ; Plant residues ; Mineralization ; Maturity parameters ; Vermicomposting ; C/N ratio ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An outdoor study was undertaken using polyethylene containers to assess the suitability of different organic residues, soybean straw (Glycine max L. Merril.), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.), maize stover (Zea mays L.), chickpea straw (cicer arietinum L.) and city garbage, as food for the tropical epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus, and to assess the influence of this earthworm on the decomposition of these materials. Maize stover was found to be the most suitable of the food materials used. Population growth of P. excavatus was enhanced by addition of these organic materials in the temperature range 24°–30°C, while the population was adversely affected above 30°C in a vermiculture system. Addition of earthworms accelerated the breakdown of residues, which ultimately resulted in a lowering of the C:N ratio, water-soluble carbon and carbohydrates, and increased ash percentage and cation exchange capacity compared with their respective controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Vertisol ; P availability ; P fixation ; Organic and inorganic P fractions ; P mobilization ; Low-input agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Availability, fixation, and transformation of added P were studied in a 16-week incubation experiment with a Vertisol amended with farmyard manure in pots with 500 g soil each. P availability, as measured by Olsen P, decreased for up to 8 weeks with various rates of added P, when no manure was applied. In the presence of farmyard manure, P availability decreased during the first 6 weeks and then showed a considerable increase from the 8th week onwards. P fixation increased for up to 8 weeks with the rates of P in the absence of manure. With manure application, P fixation increased only during the first 6 weeks and thereafter decreased continuously. Thus the presence of farmyard manure shortened the period of P fixation and promoted its availability. After 16 weeks of incubation, when manure and fertilizer P were applied together, P was transformed into labile organic (NaHCO3−P), moderately labile organic P (NaOH-P), and calcium-bound inorganic P (HCl-P). When manure was not applied. P accumulated predominantly as labile inorganic (NaHCO3−P), moderately labile inorganic (NaOH-P), and inorganic HCl-P. The application of farmyard manure enriched long-term P fertility through NaHCO3−P and NaOH−P and a shortterm P supply as HCl-P. All fractions except inorganic NaOH-P showed good relationships with Olsen P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 49 (1978), S. 667-669 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Maize and wheat crops grown for 60 days and maturity respectively in soils with a range of available zinc (0.4 to 109 ppm DTPA extractable) indicated 7 ppm Zn in soil and 60 ppm in plant being toxic for wheat. These limits for maize were 11 ppm Zn in soil and 81 ppm Zn in plant. Wheat crop is more susceptible to Zn toxicity as compared to maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 423-436 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop response ; Fractionation scheme ; Labile Zn ; Residual Zn ; Soil properties ; Zn distribution ; Zn uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of cropping systems of wheat-maize (WM), wheat-rice (WR), wheat-groundnut (WG), gram-bajra (GrB), potato-guara (PGu), and raya-mash (RaMa) in combination with treatments of dummy (uncultivated area) and applied Zn 0.0 (Zn0), 2.8 (Zn1), 5.6 (Zn2) 11.2 (Zn3) kg/ha was studied on the transformation of labile Zn fractions: exchangeable (Exch.), adsorbed (TAd) [weakly (WAd), moderately (MAd), strongly (SAd)], and organic matter (OM) in different layers of sandy loam soil. The added Zn stayed largely in the 0–30 cm layer and was associated with the WAd- and OM-Zn fractions. About 70% of the total labile Zn (PAv) remained in the WAd- and OM-Zn, that is, 33 and 39% in 0–15 cm layer, and 33–39% and 31–36% in 16–150 cm layer. All the Zn fractions in 0–15 cm layer, and only of WAd in 16–30 cm layer, significantly increased with rates of Zn addition. These were also significantly higher in Zn1–3 than Zn0 and dummy treatments because of the residual Zn. Diverse effects of cropping systems on soil properties, residual Zn, and labile Zn fractions were found. The influence was strong in 0–15 cm layer decreasing gradually with soil depth due largely to differences in Zn requirement, crop intake of various Zn fractions and the cultural practices of the systems. All the crops and rotations appreciabilly responded to Zn application. Uptake of Zn by crops markedly and successively increased with increasing rates of Zn application. The WR caused a significant increase in soil organic matter whereas WR and WM in CaCO3. The WR, WM and GrB resulted in a decrease in pH while WG and GrB in CaCO3. The RaMa and PGu maintained much higher residual Zn than other systems. The systems which caused the maximum decrease in Zn fractions were: cereal-cereal (WM) in Exch. legume-millet (GrB) in all the adsorbed, PAv and the Zn associated with CaCO3, vegetable-legume (PGu) also in MAd and SAd; and cereal-legume (WG) in OM and PAv. Hence GrB, WG and WM in that order will cause the deficiency of Zn much earlier than the other systems due to greater use and or transformation of WAd- andOM-Zn. Such effects were least under RaMa because it increased the WAd-, MAd- and OM-Zn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 40 (1974), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The activity of RN-ase at zero zinc level was found to be 2, 173-1 and 2 times higher in all the varieties of rice (Jaya and HM484) and Maize (Ganga 5 and Vijay) than that of 5 ppm zinc at 15/20 days, 30/40 days and 45/60 days growth stages respectively, but the difference in the zinc content of leaves between two treatments was not found to be significant except that of 30/40 days growth stage. Similarly the potash content in both the treatments did not vary, but the dry matter production of whole plant and protein content of leaves except 15/20 days growth stage varied significantly. The data suggest thirty ppm P released per 100 μg protein per hour (RN-ase activity) could be taken as threshold value above which hidden deficiency at an early growth stage is detected. Also an average concentration of 27 and 25 ppm zinc in rice and maize leaves respectively could be taken as critical limit for zinc deficiency at their 15/20 days of growth respectively. On the basis of RN-ase activity the hidden hunger of zinc in crop can be predicted at an early growth stage (15/20 days) where the zinc content in plant tissue fail to reveal the true picture of zinc deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1990), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Critical level of Zn ; alkaline soils ; Zn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted at 32 locations, chosen for their wide range in DTPA extractable Zn, to determine the critical deficiency level of Zn for predicting response of wheat to Zn application. Soil application of 5.6 kg Zn ha−1 significantly increased the grain yield in deficient soils. Soil extractable Zn was significantly related with per cent grain response and absolute grain yield. Both the graphical and statistical methods of Cate and Nelson indicated the critical level to be 0.75 mg kg−1 soil of DTPA extractable Zn. This level gave a predictability value of 82 per cent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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