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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 366-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel proteins ; Hamster ; Biosynthesis ; Enamelin ; Amelogenin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experiments were designed to detect and determine the biosynthetic behavior of enamel proteins in Syrian Golden hamsters. Enamel matrix proteins were extracted from 3-day-old postnatal first molar tooth organs. Labeling pulse/chase experiments with [35S]-methionine followed by light microscopic autoradiography, or polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography, showed the synthesis of epithelial-specific gene products. Synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins required approximately 30 min under thesein vitro organ culture conditions; both enamelin and amelogenin proteins were synthesized and secreted into the forming extracellular matrix. Amelogenin proteins were secreted initially and rapidly degraded into increasingly smaller polypeptides. In contrast, enamelin proteins were secreted at a slower rate and remained more or less stable over the duration of the experiment. The specific activities of both classes of proteins increased over a 6-hour synthesis period, indicating the accumulation of both proteins into the forming extracellular matrix. Comparisons of the kinetics of formation and posttranslational processing of enamelin and amelogenin are consistent with the presence of possibly two different gene products in hamster secretory ameloblasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 481-485 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chemotaxis ; Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Bone proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary When demineralized bone matrix powder is implanted subcutaneously in the rat, the early responses involve the appearance and proliferation of mesenchymal cells at the site of implantation, followed by cartilage and bone formation. The ability of cells to migrate to the implant suggests that chemotaxis may be a critical event in this process. Therefore, using the modified Boyden chamber assay, we tested extracts of demineralized bone matrix for chemotactic activity. We have identified and partially purified, on molecular sieve chromatography, a heat labile and trypsin-sensitive protein (Mr=60,000–70,000) that is a potent chemoattractant for mouse calvaria, osteoblast-like cells (MMB-1), but not for monocytes (putative osteoclast precursors). These findings suggest that chemotactic protein(s) have a significant role in the recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells to a site of bone repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hamster amelogenins-enamelins ; Enamel ; Dentin-phosphoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Amelogenins, enamelins, and soluble dentin proteins were sequentially separated under dissociative conditions from morphologically characterized molar tooth germs of 4-, 6-, and 7-day-old hamsters. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic, gel filtration chromatographic, and amino acid compositional data of neonatal hamster amelogenin extracts were in general agreement with those obtained from fetal bovine enamel under similar extraction conditions. As development progressed (e.g., 4 vs. 7 days of life), changes in amelogenin proteins were manifested by altered values of all biochemical parameters measured. A high molecular weight (∼160,000–200,000 daltons) Stains-All-positive protein band was observed for all hamster enamelin extracts on SDS gels. Amino acid compositional data from this “enamel crystal protein,” partially purified by dissociative gel-filtration chromatography, are presented. The hamster dentin phosphoprotein was partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography in 7M urea. The molecular weight (75,000–80,000 daltons) and amino acid composition of this protein were similar to those of rat incisor dentin phosphoprotein, but different from those of the fetal bovine phosphoprotein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 182-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amelogenins ; Enamelins ; Dental enamel ; Matrix, comparative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The matrix proteins of the developing dental enamel of five mammalian species were isolated and subjected to chromatographic, electrophoretic, and amino acid analyses. It was found that the principal chromatographic fractions showed similarities of both size and amino acid composition among species. The major amelogenin protein of the cow, hamster, human, and sheep was of about 30,000 daltons and of the pig enamel matrix about 20,000 daltons. In each species a higher molecular weight fraction, greater than 40,000 daltons, was detected. In the lower molecular weight range an amelogenin polypeptide enriched in leucine, a fraction rich in tyrosine, and a fraction of intermediate size (Bovine matrix “Component-14”) were identified in each case. It is suggested that these characteristic proteins arise during the degradation of the matrix which accompanied mineralization.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Hydroxide ; Carbonate ; Infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de spectres infra-rouges montre que le minéral osseux de jeune rat et les apatites synthétiques, formés à des pH, force ionique et température physiologiques sont très déficients en ion OH; ces apatites biologiques et synthétiques présentent d'importants défauts internes de maille. En outre, une proportion significative des ions CO3 2- de mineral osseux de rat est structurée de façon lâche dans un environnement amorphe ou superficiel. Les ions carbonate dans l'os chauffé sous vide ou dans les apatites synthétiques formés à pH physiologique paraissent être situés dans des environnements locaux multiples. Le CO3 2- contenu dans ces structures peut se substituer dans des positions PO4 3- et (à un degré moindre) OH−, bien que des variations importantes de ou dans ces positions sont dues à des défauts de maille. Les carbonato-apatites, formés par transformation thermique (600o) de phosphates calciques amorphes et contenant 4–9% de CO3 2-, présentent surtout du CO3 2- dans des environnements OH−. Une recristallisation thermique des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, dans une atmosphère d'air, augmente le contenu en OH− et redispose les positions CO3 2-. Cependant, de telles formations bien cristallisées sont différentes des précurseurs apatitiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektroskopie ergab, daß sowohl natives Rattenknochenmineral als auch synthetische Apatite, welche bei physiologischem pH, Ionenstärke und Temperatur gebildet wurden, an Hydroxydionen stark defizient sind. Es ist ebenfalls ersichtlich, daß diese biologischen und synthetischen Apatitkristalle beträchtliche innere Verzerrungen aufweisen (Gitterdefekte). Weiterhin zeigt ein bedeutender Anteil der CO3 2--Ionen im Rattenknochenmineral eine lockere Struktur in amorpher Umgebung oder an der Oberfläche. In Vakuumerhitzem Knochen oder in synthetischen Apatit (mit physiologischem pH), welches in der Lösung gebildet wurde, scheinen sich die Carbonationen in verschiedenen Umgebungen zu finden. CO3 2- im Inneren dieser Stoffe kann in PO4 3--und (in viel kleineren Mengen) OH−-Positionen ausgetauscht werden, obwohl eine beträchtliche Abweichung von und innerhalb dieser Stellen wahrscheinlich auf Gitterdefekte zurückzuführen ist. Carbonat-Apatite, welche durch die thermische Umwandlung (600°C) von 4–9% CO3 2- enthaltendem amorphem Calciumphosphat gebildet wurden, zeigen in erster Linie in OH−-Umgebung CO3 2-. Die thermische Umkristallisierung von biologischen und synthetischen Apatiten in einer Luftatmosphäre erhöht den OH−-Gehalt und verteilt die CO3 2--Lokalisationen neu. Solche sehr schön kristallisierten Produkte spiegeln jedoch durchaus nicht ihre nativen Apatitvorbilder wider.
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectral data indicate that both native rat bone mineral and synthetic apatites formed at physiological pH, ionic strength and temperature are extensively deficient in hydroxide ion content; the data also indicate that these biological and synthetic apatites contain considerable internal distortions (lattice defects). In addition, a significant portion of the CO3 2- ions in rat bone mineral is loosely-structured in either an amorphous or surface environment. Carbonate ions in vacuum-heated bone or solution-ripened synthetic (physiological pH) apatites appear to be in multiple local environments. Internal CO3 2- in these materials may be substituted in PO4 3- and (in much lesser amounts) OH− positions, although considerable deviation from or within these sites is probable due to lattice defects. Carbonateapatites produced by thermal conversion (600o) of amorphous calcium phosphates containing 4–9% CO3 2- exhibit CO3 2- mainly in OH− environments. Thermal recrystallization of biological and synthetic apatites in an air atmosphere increases OH− content and reorganizes CO3 2- locales. However, such extremely well-crystallized products are not at all representative of their native apatitic precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineral ; Formation ; Physiological ; Solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Minimal levels of calcium and phosphate ions necessary to induce mineral deposition within 24 hours at 37° from balanced salt solutions buffered in the physiological pH range are described. It is concluded that most physiological fluids apparently have the potential to form calcium phosphatede novo in the absence of any nucleating catalyst or inhibitory agent. The possible effects that external factors under cellular control may have upon this process are discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Apatite ; Phosphometabolite ; Phosphoprotein ; Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Apatite formation from synthetic extracellular fluids is rate-limited both at the initial amorphous precursor deposition step and at the amorphous-crystalline transformation reaction. Nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates and low molecular weight metabolites containing two attached ester phosphate groups all inhibited amorphous-crystalline conversion at concentrations of 10−5 to 10−6 M. Both native and synthetic polynucleotides as well as the phosphoproteins from rat dentin or egg yolk also inhibited crystal formation from amorphous calcium phosphate. In all cases, substantial amounts of inhibitor molecules were incorporated into the stabilized amorphous precipitates. Treatment of isolated, inhibitor-stabilized amorphous precipitates with hydrolytic enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase or papain reversed the inhibitory effect and permitted crystallization to proceed normally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 1 (1967), S. 8-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse de diffraction par rayons X a montré que le phosphate de calcium amorphe est un des principaux constituants du squelette. Cette phase solide, non cristallisée de l'os peut se transformer en apatite cristalline in vitro après avoir été en contact avec de l'eau pendant une période suffisamment longue. Chez le rat, la teneur en phosphate de calcium amorphe des fémurs, tibias, péronés et des calottes crâniennes décroît, alors que la teneur en apatite cristalline de ces os croît, avec l'âge. De plus. les fémurs de rats hypophysectomisés contiennent une plus grande proportion de minéral osseux sous forme amorphe que ceux de témoins normaux. En ce qui concerne la proportion de minéral amorphe et cristallin dans l'ostéoporose d'immobilisation, on n'observe pas de différence significative entre des fémurs dénervés et des os témoins. Cependant, l'os de poulets rachitiques contient plus de phosphate de calcium amorphe que le tissu osseux de poulets sains, quelle que soit la manière dont on a provoqué le rachitisme. De plus, des modification de la teneur de l'os de poulet en lipides et en mucopolysaccharides correspondent à des modifications du rapport entre minéral amorphe et cristallin de l'os. Nous suggérons que le phosphate de calcium amorphe est la première forme minérale déposée au cours de la calcification et que la fraction amorphe est un précurseur métaboliquement actif et métastable de l'apatite cristalline: Il semble d'autre part que le phosphate de calcium amorphe peut également exister sous une forme stable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das amorphe Calciumphosphat wurde mittels Röntgenstrahlendiffraktionsmethoden als eine der wichtigsten Komponenten des Knochengewebes erkannt. Dieser nicht kristallisierte Teil des Knochenminerals kann in vitro durch Wassereinwirkung während längerer Zeit in kristallines Apatit umgewandelt werden. Bei Ratten nimmt der Gehalt an amorphem Calciumphosphat der ganzen Femora, Tibia, Fibula und Calvaria mit zunehmendem Alter ab, während der Gehalt an kristallinem Apatit steigt. Dazu enthalten die Femora von hypophysektomierten Ratten mehr amorphes Knochenmineral als die von normalen Tieren. Es besteht kein signifikanter Unterschied im relativen Gehalt von amorphem und kristallinem Knochenmineral zwischen Kontroll- und denervierten Rattenfemora bei Immobilisationsosteoporose. Jedoch enthalten Knochen von rachitischen Hühnern, ungeachtet auf welche Art die Krankheit hervorgerufen wurde, mehr amorphes Calciumphosphat als normales Knochengewebe. Ferner stimmen die Veränderungen des Lipids- und Mucopolysaccharidgehaltes der Hühnerknochen mit entsprechenden Veränderungen im Gehalt an amorphem und kristallinem Mineral des Gewebes überein. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß amorphes Calciumphosphat das erste Mineral ist, welches während des Verkalkungsprozesses abgelagert wird, und daß dieser Anteil an amorphem Knochenmineral als ein metabolisch aktiver, metastabiler Vorgänger des kristallinen Knochenapatites wirken kann. Dieser amorphe Calciumphosphatanteil des Knochenminerals könnte auch in einer stabilen Form vorkommen.
    Notes: Abstract Amorphous calcium phosphate was found to be a major mineral component of skeletal tissue by X-ray diffraction techniques. This non-crystalline bone mineral phase can be converted into crystalline apatitein vitro upon exposure to water for a prolonged period of time. The amorphous calcium phosphate content of whole rat femur, tibia-fibula and calvarium decreases as the crystalline apatite content of these bones increases with advancing age. In addition, hypophysectomized whole rat femora contain more amorphous bone mineral than do normal controls. No significant differences in amorphous/crystalline bone mineral composition exist between control and denervated whole rat femora during disuse osteoporosis. However, rachitic chick bone contains more amorphous calcium phosphate than does normal bone tissue, regardless of the manner in which the disease state is reached. Moreover, alterations in chick bone lipid and mucopolysaccharide content coincide with corresponding alterations in the amorphous/crystalline mineral content of the tissue. It is suggested that amorphous calcium phosphate is the first mineral deposited during the calcification process and that the amorphous bone mineral fraction can act as a metabolically active, metastable precursor of crystalline bone apatite. It is further suggested that the amorphous calcium phosphate fraction of bone mineral may also exist in a stabilized form.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Apatite ; Electron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Precipitation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) sèché peut se présenter sous forme discoide ou sphérique. Les particules discoides sont plus fréquents dans les specimens d'ACP sèché, isolés immédiatement après précipitation. Les formes sphériques dominent dans les specimens sèchés provenant de suspensions plus âgés. Les particules discoides résultent de la dessication de l'échantillon. Les sphères peuvent aussi se produire pendant la dessication, mais s'observent aussi dans la solution. Les disques et les sphères ont une origine commune sous la forme d'un agrégat d'ACP hautement hydraté de morphologie inconnue. La formation d'apatite cristallin en solution est intimement associée avec l'ACP. Les premiers cristaux apparaissent à la surface des sphères amorphes et en contact avec les disques amorphes. En cas de sphères, les cristaux initiaux augmentent de taille et forment de nouveaux cristaux par nucléation secondaire jusqu'à ce que les sphères soient enrobées par l'apatite. Cependant, lorsque la transformation est totale, l'apatite ne remplit pas l'espace occupé préalablement par les sphères amorphes dissoutes. Ces observations ne confirment pas le concept d'une conversion d'un état solidein situ dans ce cas mais suggèrent une transition hétérophasique d'un processus de translocation ionique par l'intermédiaire d'une solution. La production de cristaux dans les disques amorphes suggère que l'apatite peut aussi se former directement du précurseur dans la solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Getrocknetes amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP) kann scheiben- und kugelförmig auftreten. Die scheibenförmigen Partikel herrschen in getrockneten ACP-Proben vor, welche direkt nach der Fällung isoliert wurden. Die kugeligen Formen herrschen in trockenen Proben aus älteren Suspensionen vor. Die Scheibenbildung ist ein Ergebnis des Trocknungsvorganges. Kugelige Formen können beim Trocknungsvorgang ebenfalls auftreten, sie sind aber in der nativen Suspension ebenfalls anwesend. Scheiben- und Kugelformen scheinen einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer in der Lösung zu haben, welcher ein hochhydratisiertes ACP-Aggregat unbekannter Morphologie zu sein scheint. Die Bildung von kristallinem Apatit in der Lösung steht in engem Zusammenhang mit ACP. Die ersten Kristalle erscheinen auf der Oberfläche der amorphen Kugeln und in Kontakt mit den amorphen Scheiben. Die ursprünglichen Kristalle auf den Kugeloberflächen nehmen an Größe zu und bilden durch sekundäre Nukleation weitere Kristalle, bis die Kugeln in Apatit eingehüllt werden. Wenn die Umwandlung abgeschlossen ist, füllt jedoch das Apatit den Platz nicht aus, der vorher von den aufgelösten amorphen Kugeln eingenommen wurde. Diese Beobachtungen bekräftigen die Auffassung einerin situ-Umwandlung in den festen Zustand bei dem beschriebenen Falle nicht, sondern deuten auf eine heterophasischen Übergang, welcher durch einen lösungsbedingten Ionenverschiebungs-Prozeß gefördert wird. Das Auftreten von Kristallen in den amorphen Scheiben deutet darauf hin, daß sich Apatit auch direkt aus dem Lösungsvorläufer bilden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Dried amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) can exist in discoidal and spheroidal forms. The disk-shaped particles are most prominent in dried ACP specimens isolated immediately following precipitation. The spherical forms become dominant in dried specimens taken from older suspensions. The disk-like morphology is a result of sample drying. Spherules can also arise during the drying step but are present in the native suspension as well. Both the disks and spherules appear to have a common solution progenitor in the form of a highly hydrated ACP aggregate of unknown morphology. The formation of crystalline apatite in solution is intimately connected with ACP. The first crystals appear on the surface of the amorphous spherules and in contact with the amorphous disks. In the case of the spherules, the initial crystals increase in size and generate additional crystals by secondary nucleation until the spherules become enveloped by apatite. However, when conversion is completed, the apatite does not fill appreciably the space previously occupied by the dissolved amorphous spherules. These observations do not support the concept of anin situ solid state conversion in this case, but indicate a heterophase transition supported by a solution-mediated ion translocation process. The occurrence of crystals in the amorphous disks suggest that apatite can also form directly from the solution progenitor.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 131 (1965), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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