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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of poly-β-alanine from carbon black (1983)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 10 (1983), S. 404-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It was found that the hydrogen transfer polymerization of acrylamide was initiated by lithium phenolate(OLi) group on the carbon black, which was introduced by the reaction of oxygen containing group on the carbon black with n-butyllithium, and that poly-β-alanine(Nylon 3) was effectively grafted onto carbon black surface: the grafting ratio at 80°C increased to 115% with an increase in conversion. The grafted polymer was considered to be propagated from OLi group on the surface. Furthermore, the ratio of hydrogen transfer polymerization to vinyl polymerization (T-ratio) increased with an increase of polymerization temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262181
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polyesters onto carbon whisker surface (1993)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 30 (1993), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acylium perchlorate groups were successfully introduced onto the surface of carbon whisker, i.e., vapor grown carbon fiber, by the reaction of surface acyl chloride groups with silver perchlorate in nitrobenzene. It was found that the cationic ring-opening polymerization of lactones, such as ε-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, and β-propiolactone, is initiated by acylium perchlorate groups introduced onto carbon whisker. During the polymerization, the corresponding polyesters were effectively grafted onto carbon whisker surface based on the propagation of polyester from the surface. The rate of polymerization increased with increasing polymerization temperature, but the percentage of grafting of polyester onto the surface decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338475
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polyesters onto carbon black (1982)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 7 (1982), S. 589-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature and solvent on the polymerization of β-propiolactone initiated by carbon black containing potassium carboxylate groups (COOK) was investigated. The rate of the polymerization (Rp) was found to increase with a rise in temperature. On the other hand, Rp varied with the solvents in the following order: toluene 〈 chloroform ≪ N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). This order was in agreement with that of increasing dielectric constant of the solvents. Furthermore, it was found that the grafting ratio of the polyester onto the surface of carbon black and the molecular weight of the homopolymer formed decreased, depending on the solvents used, in the following order: toluene 〉 chloroform 〉 DMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256091
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive carbon black having isocyanate or acyl azide group (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Introduction of isocyanate (NCO) group onto carbon black surface was achieved by the treatment of carbon black with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. In addition, carbon black having acyl azide (CON3) group, a precursor of NCO group, was prepared by the reaction of COCl or COOCOOC2H5 group on carbon black with NaN3. The CON3 group on carbon black was relatively stable at below 20°C but readily decomposed to NCO group by heating (Curtius rearrangement). By the reation of NCO group on carbon black with hydroxyl group of polymers, such as polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol, these polymers were found to be grafted onto carbon black.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254654
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polyester onto carbon black (1983)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 10 (1983), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The grafting of polyesters by the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with phthalic anhydride (PhAn) was carried out at 120°C by using carbon black that contained COOK groups as the initiating site of copolymerization. The copolymerization was easily initiated by COOK groups and polyester was effectively grafted onto carbon black: the grafting ratio of polyester obtained from PhAn and glycidyl methacrylate was increased up to about 63% with the increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263240
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon fiber as an initiator of cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Carbon fibers were found capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) at 60∼80°C. The activation energy of the polymerization was estimated to be 13.4 kcal/mol. The carbon fiber lost the initiating activity of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl groups on the surface by the treatment with potassium bicarbonate or diazomethane. Therefore, it was concluded that carboxyl groups on carbon fiber play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. Furthermore, it was found that during the polymerization, poly-NVC was grafted onto the surface; the grafting ratio was determined to be 39.7% (60°C, 24 h).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255064
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting onto carbon black by the reaction of reactive carbon black having acyl chloride group with several polymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acyl chloride group introduced onto carbon black rapidly lost its activity by the moisture in air. However, the decrease of acyl chloride group content in vacuum was negligibly small. By the reaction of the acyl chloride group with several polymers having hydroxyl or amino group, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), these polymers were found to be effectively grafted onto carbon black; for instance, the grafting ratio of PEG (Mn=8.2×103), PVA (Mn=2.2×104), and PEI (Mn=2.0×104) was 18.5%, 32.9%, and 45.8%, respectively. The number of polymer grafted onto carbon black decreased with an increase of its molecular weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955888
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic grafting from carbon black (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic ring-opening copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a cyclic acid anhydride such as phthalic anhydride (PAn) and maleic anhydride was initiated by acylium perchlorate groups on carbon black to give alternating copolymer, i.e., polyester. Epichlorohydrin was found to act as effective promoter in the copolymerization. The polyester formed was effectively grafted from carbon black depending upon the propagation of the polymer from the surface: the grafting ratio of polyester from THF and PAn was increased up to about 65% with an increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254993
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines initiated by chloromethyl groups introduced onto carbon black surface (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 22 (1989), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines (OXZs) was found to be initiated by chloromethyl groups introduced onto carbon black surface. The introduction of chloromethyl groups onto the surface was achieved by the reaction of carbon black with 3,3′-bischloromethylbenzoyl peroxide in carbon tetrachloride. During the polymerization, poly-OXZs were grafted from carbon black based on the propagation of the polymers from the surface: percentage of grafting increased with an increase of conversion and reached 40–60%. The polymerization was accelerated by the addition of potassium iodide. Poly-OXZ-grafted carbon black produced stable colloidal dispersions in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283284
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of initiating groups introduced onto ultrafine silica on the molecular weight polystyrene grafted onto the surface (1993)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 31 (1993), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of initiating groups introduced onto silica surface on the molecular weight of grafted polystyrene chain was investigated. By the treatment of polystyrene-grafted silica with aqueous solution of alkali, surface grafted polystyrene was isolated from the surface. The molecular weight of polystyrene grafted onto the silica obtained from the radical graft polymerization initiated by peroxyester groups introduced onto the surface was found to be much larger than that from the cationic polymerization initiated by acylium perchlorate groups. The number of grafted polystyrene in the radical polymerization, however, was much less than that in the cationic polymerization. Furthermore, the effect of molecular weight of grafted polystyrene on the dispersibility of silica in tetrahydrofuran was examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329883
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