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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic observations of hypothalamic TRH-containing neurons in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: TRH-neurons ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Synapse ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive TRH-containing neurons and their synaptic associations were studied electron microscopically in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial nucleus (DMH) of the rat hypothalamus. In propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated rats, the immunoreactive cell bodies in the PVN appeared to be activated, showing a hypertrophic perikaryon, well developed Golgi bodies and numerous secretory granules. No such alterations were evident in the TRH neurons in the DMH. These findings suggest that the PVN-TRH neurons are involved in the hypothalamic-hypophysial-thyroid axis. Further, it was shown that unlabeled nerve terminals containing small and large clear vesicles make synaptic contacts with the TRH perikarya in the PVN. Thus it is likely that PVN-TRH neurons are regulated both by thyroid hormones and by other neuronal signals. In the DMH, unlabeled nerve terminals containing small and large clear vesicles, and immunoreactive terminals form synapses with TRH neurons. Thus the DMH-TRH neurons may be under dual neuronal control. It was further noted that in the DMH and PVN, TRH nerve terminals make synaptic contacts with other unlabeled neurons. It is evident that TRH acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, although the origin of TRH terminals should be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237473
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive cell groups in the rat central nervous system (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neuropeptide ; Brain ; Spinal cord ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a paraformaldehyde-picric acidglutaraldehyde-containing fixative and treatment of the tissue with sodium borohydride, numerous and widespread TRH-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the central nervous system of colchicinetreated rats, including the olfactory bulb, cortical and hippocampal areas, the caudate nucleus and other subcortical areas, many hypothalamic nuclei, the periaqueductal central gray, pontine nuclei, medulla oblongata and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Most of these cells could not be visualized with the same antiserum when conventional fixation methods based on formalin alone were used. The present findings suggest that TRH systems are considerably more extensive than hitherto assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255248
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SECTION II. SYNAPTIC ROLE OF TRH: Distribution of TRH-like Immunoreactivity with Special Reference to Coexistence with Other Neuroactive Compounds (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 553 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb54479.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenesis of hypothalamic immunoreactive ACTH cells in vivo and in vitro: Role of Rathke's pouch
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Developmental Biology 97 (1983), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-1606
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(83)90065-9
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further analysis of presence of peptides in dopamine neurons (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Colocalization ; Coexistence ; Hypothalamus ; Periaqueductal grey matter ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Double-labeling combined with elution-restaining immunofluorescence techniques were used to analyze the extent of coexistence among the peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI)/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in neurons of the supramammillary region and mesencephalon of the rat. Approximately 50% of the PHI/VIP-containing perikarya and about 25% of the CCK-positive cell bodies in the supramammillary region exhibited coexistence of both peptides. Only a very minor portion of these double-labeled neurons were also found to contain immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (indicative of dopamine in these cells). A low percentage of the neurons contained the enzyme plus either CCK- or PHI/VIP-like immunoreactivity. A low proportion of the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in this region contained substance P-like immunoreactivity and vice versa. In other areas, small numbers of neurons in periventricular and periaqueductal regions were found to be immuno-stained for CCK, PHI/VIP and tyrosine hydroxylase. Single examples of triple-labeled (CCK-PHI/VIP-TH) somata were infrequently observed in the ventral tegmental area. These data provide further evidence of peptide/peptide and peptide/monoamine coexistence in the central nervous system. The demonstration of CCK-PHI/VIP colocalization (possibly including a minor dopaminergic component) and of substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase coexistence within neurons of the supramammillary region, which has widespread projections to many areas of the forebrain, suggests that these neuropeptides may coexist in some of these pathways and perhaps be co-released in several different regions of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250598
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axons containing neuropeptide Y innervate arginine vasopressin-containing neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus (1989)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 91 (1989), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic connections between neurons immunoreactive for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and axon terminals immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) were found in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the rat hypothalamus. In pre-embedding double immunolabeling, NPY axon terminals labeled with diamin-obenzidine (DAB) reaction product established synaptic junctions on the perikarya and neuronal processes of AVP neurons labeled with silver-gold particles. Ultrastructural morphology of the neurons was more suitably preserved by a combination of pre- and post-embedding procedures. The presynaptic NPY terminals contained many small clear vesicles and a few cored vesicles, and DAB chromogen (immunoreaction product) was located on the surface of the vesicular profiles and on the core. The postsynaptic AVP neurons possessed many large secretory granules labeled with gold particles. At the synaptic junctions, small clear vesicles were accumulated at the presynaptic membrane, and the postsynaptic membrane was coated with a dense accumulation of fine electron dense particles. The perikarya also received synapses made by immuno-negative axon terminals containing many small clear vesicles and a few cored vesicles. These terminals were found more frequently than those containing NPY.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493001
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coexistence of peptides with classical neurotransmitters (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 768-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chemical transmission ; multiple messengers ; synapse ; neuropeptides ; immunohistochemistry ; 5-HT ; catecholamines ; GABA ; somatostatin ; enkephalin ; NPY ; CCK ; CGRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present article the fact is emphasized that neuropeptides often are located in the same neurons as classical transmitters such as acetylcholine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, catecholamines, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) etc. This raises the possibility that neurons produce, store and release more than the one messenger molecule. The exact functional role of such coesisting peptides is often difficult to evaluate, especially in the central nervous system. In the periphery some studies indicate apparently meaningful interactions of different types with the classical transmitter, but other types of actions including trophic effects have been observed. More recently it has been shown that some neurons contain more than one classical transmitter, e.g. 5-HT plus GABA, further underlining the view that transfer of information across synapses may be more compex than perhaps hitherto assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01945354
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