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  • 1
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Plasma volume ; Fluid replacement ; Prolonged exercise ; Hypovolemia ; Hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous experiments have demonstrated that consumption of a glucose polymer-electrolyte (GP-E) beverage is superior to water in minimizing exercise-induced decreases in plasma volume (PV). We tested the hypothesis that elevated plasma concentrations of vasopressin and/or aldosterone above that seen with water ingestion may explain this observation. Six trained cyclists performed 115 min of constant-load exercise (approximately 65% of maximal oxygen consumption) on a cycle ergometer on two occasions with 7 days separating experiments. Ambient conditions were maintained relatively constant for both exercise tests (29–30° C; 58–66% relative humidity). During each experiment, subjects consumed 400 ml of one of the following beverages 20 min prior to exercise and 275 ml immediately prior to and every 15 min during exercise: (1) distilled water or (2) GP-E drink contents = 7% carbohydrate (glucose polymers and fructose; 9 mmol·1−1 sodium; 5 mmol·1−1 potassium; osmolality 250 mosmol·1−1). No significant difference (P〉0.05) existed in mean skin temperature, rectal temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production or the respiratory exchange ratio between treatments. Further, no significant differences existed in plasma osmolality and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride or magnesium between treatments. Plasma volume was better maintained (P〈0.05) in the GP-E trial at 90 and 120 min of exercise when compared to the water treatment. No differences existed in plasma levels of vasopressin or aldosterone between treatments at any measurement period. Further, the correlation coefficients between plasma concentrations of vasopressin and aldosterone and change in PV during exercise were 0.42 (P〈0.05) and 0.16 (P〉0.05), respectively. Therefore, although these experiments support the notion that a GP-E beverage is superior to water in minimizing exercise-induced disturbances in PV during prolonged exercise, the mechanism to explain this observation is not due to differences in plasma concentrations of vasopressin or aldosterone alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Electrolytes ; Fluid balance ; Glucose ; Exercise metabolism ; Blood pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of these experiments was to examine the influence of various fluid replacement drinks on exercise-induced disturbances in homeostasis during heavy exercise. Nine trained cyclists performed constant load exercise on a cycle ergometer to fatigue on three occasions with 1-week separating experiments. The work rate was set initially at ∼ 85% of $$\dot V_{o_{2{\text{ }}max} } $$ (range 82–88%) with fatigue being defined as a 10% decline in power output below the initial value. During each experiment subjects consumed one of the following three beverages prior to and every 15 min during exercise: (1) non-electrolyte placebo (NEP; 31 mosmol · kg−1); (2) glucose polymer drink containing electrolytes (GP; 7% CHO, 231 mosmol · kg−1), and (3) electrolyte placebo drink without carbohydrate (EP; 48 mosmol · kg−1). Both the GP and EP beverage contained sodium citrate/citric acid (C) as a flavoring agent while C was not contained in the NEP drink. Although seven of nine subjects worked longer during the GP and EP treatment when compared with the NEP trial, the difference was not significant (P〉0.05). No differences (P〉0.05) existed between the GP and EP treatments in performance time. Exercise changes in rectal temperature, heart rate, Δ % plasma volume and plasma concentrations of total protein, free fatty acids, glucose, lactate, potassium, chloride, calcium, and sodium did not differ (P〉0.05) between trials. In contrast, blood hydrogen ion concentration [H+] was significantly lower (P〈0.05) at 30 min of exercise during the GP and EP treatment when compared with the NEP run. These data provide evidence that electrolyte drinks do not minimize exercise-induced disturbances in blood-electrolyte concentrations during heavy execrcise when compared with nonelectrolyte drinks; however, these results suggest that fluid replacement beverages containing buffers (i.e. C) and/or electrolytes may minimize blood alterations in [H+] during intense exercise. Additional research is required to determine if the buffering influence of these beverages has an ergogenic benefit during heavy exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We compare two strategies for ELISA detection of restriction site polymorphisms (EDRSP) that are suitable for high-throughput genotyping of the pig ryanodine receptor point mutation (RYR1 hal ). In both procedures, target DNA is amplified by PCR with one primer that is 5′ biotinylated and a second primer that is 5′ fluoresceinylated. PCR products are captured in duplicate wells on a streptavidin-coated, 96-well plate. The duplicates may be treated in two ways. In a single restriction enzyme assay, one duplicate is exposed to a restriction enzyme that cuts one allele specifically, and the second duplicate is exposed to no restriction enzyme. In a dual restriction enzyme assay, the second replicate is exposed to a second restriction enzyme that cuts the alternate allele specifically. Thereafter, the two procedures are similar; anti-fluorescein antibodies conjugated to peroxidase are allowed to bind to the fluoresceinylated ends, the plate is washed, and a substrate is converted to a colored end product. The ratio of the absorbances in the two wells is used to classify subjects by genotype. When the dual restriction enzyme assay is run, three genotype groups are easily distinguishable. When the single restriction enzyme assay is run, heterozygotes generate values that may overlap with those of the homozygotes that are not cut by the restriction enzyme. Dual restriction enzyme assays are more accurate than single restriction enzyme assays; however, single restriction enzyme assays are sufficient for identifying pigs that carry RYR1 hal .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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