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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection of substantia nigra from MPP + neurotoxicity by N -methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (1991)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 349 (1991), S. 414-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To investigate the role of excitatory amino acids in dopaminer-gic toxicity of pyridine derivatives we used the technique of focal application of MPP+ into the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC), the region of the brain containing most dopaminergic cells in this species9, and focal or ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/349414a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune encephalomyelitis ameliorated by AMPA antagonists (2000)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature medicine 6 (2000), S. 62-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system leading to progressive decline of motor and sensory functions and permanent disability. The therapy of multiple sclerosis is only partially effective, despite anti-inflammatory, immunosuppresive and immunomodulatory ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/71548
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kainic acid-induced wet dog shakes in rats (1980)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 314 (1980), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Wet dog shakes ; Kainic acid ; Central neurotransmitters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following the intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid (KA), rats showed wet dog shakes (WDS) in a dose-dependent manner. dl-α-aminoadipic acid and l-glutamic acid diethylester blocked WDS behavior induced by 0.05 μg of KA. Noradrenaline, clonidine, yohimbine and apomorphine also significantly blocked KA-induced WDS. Phentolamine and propranolol did not affect WDS. FLA 63, 6-OHDA lesion and bilateralis electrolytic lesion to locus coeruleus markedly enhanced, but l-Dopa blocked WDS behavior. Moreover, the KA-induced shaking behavior was blocked by α-methyl-p-trosine and haloperidol. Cyproheptadine and methergoline also blocked WDS. p-Chlorophenylalanine, 5,6-DHT lesion, electrolytic lesions to dorsal and medial raphe nuclei showed no effect on WDS behavior, but l-5-hydroxytryptophan efficiently blocked it. Atropine and morphine considerably blocked KA-induced WDS behavior, but pilocarpine and nalorphine showed no effect. Bicuculline significantly enhanced, but aminooxyacetic acid blocked WDS. Intracerebroventricularly administered KA dose-dependently decreased the concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in the whole rat brain. The brain concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine was unchanged. In contrast, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid increased. KA was ineffective regarding the GABA concentration and GAD activity. KA dose-dependently accelerated the disappearance of brain noradrenaline and dopamine after inhibition of catecholamine synthesis. KA, following inhibition of monoamine oxidase, increased the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine, but failed to change the rate of decline of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. KA failed to change the disappearance of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine after inhibition of its synthesis by PCPA. It is suggested that KA-induced WDS behavior is independent from the increased activity of serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system. KA-induced WDS appears to be under the inhibitory control of noradrenergic and GABA-ergic activity. The weaker inhibitory effect upon this behavior showed also dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. The present experiments showed the close relationship between KA-induced WDS and shaking behavior in morphine abstinence, but basic differences in WDS behavior caused by excessive stimulation of serotonergic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498429
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between phenytoin and diazepam in mutant Han-Wistar rats with progressive spastic paresis (1982)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 321 (1982), S. 48-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Phenytoin ; Mutant Han-Wistar rats ; Electromyogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The muscle relaxant (antispastic) effect of diazepam, alone or in combination with phenytoin, was studied in mutant Han-Wistar rats with progressive spastic paresis. Alone, phenytoin did not alter the spontaneous activity in the electromyogram (EMG) of the gastrocnemius soleus (GS) muscle of mutant rats, but strongly enhanced the depressant action of diazepam on the spontaneous EMG activity. Picrotoxin reduced the antispastic effect of diazepam alone and partially reversed the antispastic effect of combined treatment. Therefore, the antagonistic effect of picrotoxin on the reduction of the spontaneous activity in the EMG produced by the combination of both drugs hardly suggests an interaction of picrotoxin with phenytoin, but rather indicates an interaction with the effect of diazepam. Phenytoin enhancement of the depressant action of diazepam on the spontaneous EMG activity of mutant rats strongly suggests the potential therapeutic usefulness of the combined treatment with both drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586348
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in the substantia nigra pars reticulata in mediating muscular rigidity in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 327 (1984), S. 14-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bethanechol ; Electromyogram ; Substantia nigra pars reticulata ; Morphine ; Muscular rigidity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bethanechol chloride (5–25 μg), when injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) of rats, produced muscular rigidity in a dose-dependent way, and in addition, catalepsy and ipsilateral posture. The effects of bethanechol in the dose of 25 μg were prevented by coadministration of 10 μg scopolamine hydrochloride. Injections of 25 μg betanechol or 10 μg scopolamine into the reticulata only slightly affected the muscular rigiditiy produced by 15 mg/kg i.p. morphine hydrochloride. The results suggest that muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, although effective by themselves, affect by expression of at least one striatal functional alteration, the muscular rigidity, in a less effective way than GABAergic or endogenous opioid mechanisms do.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504985
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anticonvulsant action of 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 332 (1986), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Memantine ; Amantadine ; Electroconvulsions ; Reflex epilepsy ; Chemically-induced convulsions ; Photosensitive baboon ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anticonvulsant actions of memantine (1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane) have been evaluated in mice (seizures induced by maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, bicuculline, picrotoxin, 3-mercaptopropionic acid and N-methyl-d,l-aspartic acid) and in photosensitive baboons, Papio Papio (clonic responses to intermittent photic stimulation). Memantine, 5–20 mg/kg, raised the threshold for electroconvulsions and protected mice against the tonic hind limb extension in pentylenetetrazol-, bicuculline-, picrotoxin-and 3-mercaptopropionic acid-induced seizures, but was ineffective against the clonic phase of chemically-induced seizures. In the baboons, no protection against photomyoclonic responses was observed within 5 h after the intravenous administration of memantine, 1–9 mg/kg. Amantadine, 100 mg/kg, reduced the protective effect of memantine against electroconvulsions. Apomorphine, haloperidol, pimozide, spiroperidol and bicuculline did not modify the anticonvulsant activity of memantine in electroconvulsions. These studies demonstrate an anticonvulsant action of memantine in rodents and suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms do not contribute to its mechanism of action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00633204
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of carbachol-induced wet-dog shake behavior in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 73 (1981), S. 81-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Carbachol ; Wet-dog shakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraventricular administration of carbachol chloride evoked wet-dog shakes (WDS) in rats in a dose-related manner. WDS induced by carbachol at the dose of 20 μg were antagonized by scopolamine, atropine, cyproheptadine, morphine, clonidine, phentolamine, haloperidol, and l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Methergoline, propranolol, bicuculline, and aminooxyacetic acid had no effect on carbachol-induced shaking behavior. The present experiments show the existence of different types of shaking behavior, not exclusively related to the stimulation of central 5-HT structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence against the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in wet dog shake behavior induced by carbachol chloride in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 73 (1981), S. 376-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Carbachol chloride ; Wet dog shakes ; p-Chlorophenylalanine ; 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; 5-HT receptor blockers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intracerebroventricular administration of carbachol chloride induced a characteristic wet dog shake response in rats. Neither 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, a serotonergic depletor, nor dl-p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, affected wet dog shakes induced by carbachol. Putative antiserotonergic drugs such as cyproheptadine, danitracen and pizotifen antagonized carbachol-induced wet dog shakes, but the 5-HT-receptor antagonist methergoline did not significantly affect the response. These results indicated that carbachol-induced wet dog shakes in rats are probably not related to increased activity of central serotonergic mechanisms. Additionally, the present experiments showed that the anticholinergic properties of the potent serotonergic blockers cyproheptadine, danitracen and pizotifen must be taken into account, and these drugs should be used with care as relatively selective pharmacological tools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426469
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dyphenylhydantoin enhancement of diazepam effects on locomotor activity in mice (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 76 (1982), S. 198-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Diphenylhydantoin ; Locomotor activity ; Rearing ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of diazepam and diphenylhydantoin on locomotor activity and rearing behavior was studied in mice. Pretreatment of mice with diphenylhydantoin (4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg) significantly reversed the stimulatory effects of low doses of diazepam and considerably increased the depressant effects of the benzodiazepine on locomotor activity and rearing. Neither diazepam (up to 4.0 mg/kg), diphenylhydantoin (8.0 mg/kg) alone, nor combined treatment with both drugs affected brain GABA levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity at any dosage used. The present behavioral and biochemical data suggests that some of the pharmacological effects of diazepam need not be related to GABAergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435278
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of morphine and nalorphine on kainic acid-induced hypothermia in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 72 (1981), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Kainic acid ; Hypothermia ; Morphine ; Nalorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraventricular administration of kainic acid at the dose of 0.1 μg induces a significant depression of rectal temperature followed rapidly by its slight elevation. Morphine (40.0 mg·kg-1 IP), which by itself elicited biphasic effect on the body temperature of rats—initially hypothermia followed by hyperthermia—slightly increased the kainic acid-induced hypothermia. Kainic acid did not cause any changes in the hyperthermic effect of low doses of morphine (10.0 mg·kg-1). Pretreatment of rats with nalorphine enhanced the kainic acid-induced hypothermia. On the contrary, nalorphine reversed the hypothermic effect produced by morphine at the dose of 40.0 mg·kg-1. The results suggest that morphine and kainic acid-induced hypothermia are not mediated by the influence on the same type of receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431659
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