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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Stress To Produce Highly Oriented Tetragonal Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT 40/60) Thin Films and Resulting Electrical Properties (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of Pb(Zr0.4TiO.6)O3 produced by chemical solution deposition were used to study the effects of stress from different platinized single-crystal substrates on film orientation and resulting electrical properties. Films deposited on MgO preferred a (001) orientation due to compressive stress on the film during cooling through the Curie temperature (TC). Films on Al2O3 were under minimal stress at TC, resulting in a mixture of orientations. Those on Si preferred a (111) orientation due to templating from the bottom electrode. Films oriented in the 〈001〉 direction demonstrated lower dielectric constants and higher Pr and −d31 values than (111) films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01459.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Directed Colloidal Assembly of Linear and Annular Lead Zirconate Titanate Arrays (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) arrays for ultrasonic sensing applications in the 2–30-MHz frequency range were fabricated by robocasting, a directed colloidal assembly technique. Both linear and annular arrays were produced by robotically depositing a concentrated PZT gel-based ink to create high-aspect-ratio PZT elements (thickness ∼ 130 μm and height ∼1–2 mm) of varying pitch (∼250–410 μm). The arrays were densified and infiltrated with an epoxy resin to fabricate PZT–polymer composites with 2–2 connectivity. Their dielectric and piezoelectric constants were measured and compared with values obtained for bulk PZT and those predicted theoretically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00293.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shallow Pb3+ hole traps in lead zirconate titanate ferroelectrics (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 1519-1521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A combination of electron paramagnetic resonance and band structure calculations is used to show that the Pb2+ ions in lead zirconate titanate materials can act as shallow hole traps to give Pb3+ centers. The Pb3+ centers are created by optical illumination and are found to be metastable at room temperature. Their decay kinetics follow a stretched exponential function which suggests dispersive transport. The traps have the same character as the upper valence band which is formed from the hybridization of Pb s and O p states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110761
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure-Induced Phase Transformation of Controlled-Porosity Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 Ceramics (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemically prepared Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PZT 95/5) ceramics were fabricated with a range of different porosity levels, while grain size was held constant, by systematic additions of added organic pore former (Avicel). Use of Avicel in amounts ranging from 0 to 4.0 wt% resulted in fired ceramic densities that ranged from 97.3% to 82.3%. Hydrostatic-pressure-induced ferroelectric (FE) to antiferroelectric (AFE) phase transformations were substantially more diffuse and occurred at lower hydrostatic pressures with increasing porosity. An ∼12 MPa decrease in hydrostatic transformation pressure per volume percent added porosity was observed. The decrease in transformation pressure with decreasing density was quantitatively consistent with the calculated macroscopic stress required to achieve a specific volumetric macrostrain (0.40%). This strain was equivalent to experimentally measured macrostrain for FE-to-AFE transformation. The macroscopic stress levels were calculated using measured bulk modulus values that decreased from 84 to 46 GPa as density decreased from 97.3% to 82.3%. Good agreement between calculated and measured values of FE-to-AFE transformation stress was obtained for ceramics fired at 1275° and 1345°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00826.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robocast Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 Ceramic Monoliths and Composites (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Robocasting, which is a computer-controlled slurry-deposition technique, was used to fabricate ceramic monoliths and composites of chemically prepared Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ceramics. The densities and electrical properties of the robocast samples were equivalent to those obtained for cold isostatically pressed parts formed under a pressure of 200 MPa. Three-layer robocast composites that consisted of alternating layers of different sintered densities—93.9%/96.1%/93.9%—were fabricated using different levels of organic pore-former additions. Modification from a single-material to a multiple-material deposition robocaster was essential for the fabrication of composites that could withstand repeated cycles of saturated polarization switching under fields of 30 kV/cm. Furthermore, these composites withstood a poled ferroelectric-to-antiferroelectric phase transformation that was induced by a hydrostatic pressure of 500 MPa, during which strain differences on the order of 0.8% occurred between the composite elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00756.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation of Acceptor Centers in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Ceramics (1997)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nature of extrinsic point defects in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics of various compositions prepared by solution chemistry has been explored. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), several impurity sites have been identified in the as-received materials, which include Fe3+oxygen vacancy (VO‥) complex and isolated Cu2+ ions; both of these ions are incorporated into the lattice by replacing the Ti(Zr) ion. A Fe3+VO‥ complex serves as a sensitive probe of the local crystalline field environment of the ceramic; the symmetry of this defect is roughly correlated with its phase diagram as the composition is varied from PbTiO3 to PbZrO3. The Fe3+VO‥ complex experiences tetragonal, rhombic, or orthorhombic symmetry as the composition is varied from PbTiO3 to PbZrO3. As the composition of the Cu2+ ion is varied, it appears as though the addition of Zr, and not necessarily a change in phase, is largely responsible in determining the local environment of this acceptor impurity. Also, the Cu2+ resonance parameters weakly reflect the relative Ti–O(Zr–O) bond covalency in the perovskite lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02884.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct-Write Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Varistors (2002)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 85 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based pastes with tailored rheological properties have been developed for direct-write fabrication of thick-film varistor elements in highly integrated, multifunctional electroceramic devices. Such pastes exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with a low shear apparent viscosity of roughly 1 × 104 Pa·s. Upon aging, the pastes attained printable, steady-state viscosities of approximately 3 × 102 Pa·s at 10 s−1. Square and rectangular elements were patterned on dense alumina substrates and sintered at varying temperatures between 800° and 1250°C. Varistor elements fired at 900°C exhibited nonlinearity coefficients (α= 30) that were equivalent to high-density (〉95%) varistors formed by cold isostatic pressing at 100 MPa (15 ksi) of a similar chemically derived powder heat-treated under analogous conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00052.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neo-Pentoxide Precursor Synthesis, Solution Preparation, and Electronic Properties of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Thin Films Derived from a Solution Route (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 16 (1999), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: BST ; sol-gel ; thin films ; tunable dielectric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have recently isolated the neo-pentoxide (HOCH2CMe3, ONp) derivatives of Ba, Sr, and Ti as Ba4(ONp)8(HONp)6(py)2, Sr5(O)(ONp)8(Solv)5 (Solv = solvent), and Ti2(ONp)8, respectively. The combination of these precursors were found to be readily soluble in a wide range of solvents and thus were excellent candidates for preparation of barium strontium titanate ((Ba,Sr)TiO3 or BST) thin films using spin-cast deposition techniques. The highest quality BST films for this system were generated from ternary mixtures dissolved in either pyridine or pyridine/toluene. By in situ VT-GIXRD analysis it was determined that the perovskite phase of BST was readily formed at 650°C. The electronic properties of films crystallized at 700°C indicated that the thin films (300 nm) possessed a dielectric constant of 120 (tan δ = 0.03) with a tunability of 29% at ±10 V. 300 nm films (700°C) which had been generated from a standard BST solution modified with a novel tridentate ligand, had a higher dielectric constant of 180 and a tunability of 35% at ±10 V. The collective characteristics of these precursors offer an attractive alternative to the more complex, less stable sol-gel precursors currently in use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008730801392
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature sintering of zinc oxide varistors (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract High-field varistors in the system ZnO-CoO-MnO-Bi2O3 were fabricated using powders prepared by a previously developed coprecipitation process. Following calcination, the powders were compacted and densified by conventional pressureless sintering at temperatures below 750° C in air, The effects of sample green density, sintering temperature, and grain-growth inhibitor on densification and microstructure development were investigated. Addition of aluminium at the 125 p.p.m level was used to inhibit grain growth. Samples with densities 〉0.98 theoretical and grain sizes 〈1μm were fabricated by high-pressure cold-isostatic pressing followed by sintering at 730° C. For comparison, typical commercial varistor devices have grain sizes of about 20 μm and switching fields of approximately 2 kV cm−1 after sintering at 1200 to 1400° C. As a result of the fine grain size, our high-field varistors had switching fields of 45 kV cm−1 at a current density of 10 A cm−2. Consistent with earlier work on extremely high-density varistors (〉0.98 theoretical) prepared from similar powders, nonlinearity coefficients of about 10 were measured for current densities between 2.5 and 10 A cm−2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714102
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