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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 96 (1974), S. 4673-4674 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose transporter ; human skeletal muscle ; Type 2 diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin resistance of the skeletal muscle is a key feature of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. To determine whether a decrease of glucose carrier proteins or an altered subcellular distribution of glucose transporters might contribute to the pathogenesis of the insulin resistant state, we measured glucose transporter numbers in membrane fractions of gastrocnemius muscle of 14 Type 2 diabetic patients and 16 non-diabetic control subjects under basal conditions. Cytochalasin-B binding and immunoblotting with antibodies against transporter-subtypes GLUT 1 and GLUT 4 were applied. The cytochalasin-B binding values (pmol binding sites/g muscle) found in a plasma membrane enriched fraction, high and low density membranes of both groups (diabetic patients and non-diabetic control subjects) suggested a reduced number of glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of the diabetic patients compared to the control subjects (diabetic patients: 1.47 ± 1.01, control subjects: 3.61 ± 2.29,p ≤ 0.003). There was no clear difference in cytochalasin-B binding sites in high and low density membranes of both groups (diabetic patients: high density membranes 3.76 ± 1.82, low density membranes: 1.67 ± 0.81; control subjects: high density membranes 5.09 ± 1.68, low density membranes 1.45 ± 0.90). By Western blotting analysis we determined the distribution of the glucose transporter sub-types GLUT 1 and GLUT 4 in the plasma membrane enriched fraction and low density membranes of seven patients of each group. In agreement with the cytochalasin-B binding data and despite a high variance within one group, the results show a clear decrease of GLUT 4 in the plasma membrane enriched fraction of diabetic patients compared to control subjects. In contrast, we found no difference in the distribution of GLUT 1 in diabetic patients and control subjects. In conclusion, despite a high variance of glucose transporter numbers in the skeletal muscle of different individuals fractionation of muscle samples clearly suggests that the number of GLUT 4 is reduced in the plasma membrane fraction of skeletal muscle of lean diabetic patients in the basal state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 581-589 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Neuron degeneration ; Neuritic plaques ; Neurofibrillary tangles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The laminar distribution of neuron losses in posterior cingulate cortex were evaluated in 25 clinically and neuropathologically diagnosed cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). The layer of maximal neuron loss in area 23a for each DAT case was determined by comparison with mean neuron densities for each layer of 17 neurologically intact control cases. The DAT cases were separated into five classes: class 1, 12% of all DAT cases, no or less than 40% neuron loss in any layer; class 2, 24%, maximal neuron losses in layers II or III; class 3, 28%, losses mainly in layer IV; class 4, 12%, losses mainly in layers V or VI; class 5, 24%, severe losses in all layers. An analysis of large and small neurons showed that in class 2 there was an equal loss of both in layer IIIa−b, in class 3 mostly small neurons were lost in layer IV, in class 4 mostly large neurons were lost in layers III, IV and V, while in class 5 there was no selectivity. The age of disease onset and length of the disease were the same for all classes, although classes 4 and 5 tended to have an earlier onset. No measures of thioflavin S-stained neuritic plaque (NP) or neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) density discriminated among these classes. In 64% of all DAT cases there was a progressive shift in NFT from ventral area 30 where most were in layer II to areas 23a−b where there was a balance between those in superficial and deep layers to dorsal area 23c where most were in layers V and VI. There were four cases with massive numbers of NFT in area 23a (1802±477 versus 261±44 for all other cases). Since one of these cases was in each of classes 1, 2, 3 and 5, it is unlikely that this form of amyloid deposition is related to laminar specificities in neuron degeneration. Finally, neuron and NFT densities in the hippocampal formation were the same for each class. In conclusion, differential laminar changes in neuron density provide a basis for neuropathological subtyping of DAT which is more sensitive than measures of thioflavin S-stained NP and NFT densities either in neocortex or the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 625-628 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adenylat-Cyclase ; Katecholamine ; β-adrenerge Rezeptoren ; Menschliches Fettgewebe ; Adenylate Cyclase ; Catecholamines ; β-adrenergic receptor ; Human adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effects of beta-adrenergic agonists such as isoproterenol, norepinephrine and epinephrine upon the adenylate cyclase activity of human fat cell ghosts were tested, each alone and in combination with the beta-blocking agent propranolol. Saturating concentrations of these agents showed a 2–6.5-fold increase of enzyme activity without addition of any artificial cofactors. Isoproterenol was more potent in stimulating the enzyme system than epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Propranolol caused a dose-dependent rightward shift of the log-dose response curve of these beta-adrenergic agonists. The assay of human fat cell adenylate cyclase in vitro may provide a simple and convenient assay system for the screening of beta-adrenergic drugs of potential therapeutic importance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkungen beta-adrenerger Substanzen wie Isoproterenol, Adrenalin und Noradrenalin wurden entweder allein oder zusammen mit Propranolol, einem Beta-Blocker, auf das Adenylat-Cyclase System aus menschlichem Unterhautfettgewebe untersucht. Einen Katecholamin-Sensitivität des menschlichen Enzymsystems ließ sich ohne Zusatz von künstlichen Kofaktoren nachweisen. Maximal-Konzentrationen von Isoproterenol, Adrenalin und Nor-Adrenalin führten zu einer 2–6,5fachen Zunahme der Enzym-Aktivität. Isoproterenol stimulierte deutlich stärker als die beiden Hormome. Propranolol führte zu einer kompetitiven Hemmung des stimulierenden Effektes der beta-adrenergen Agonisten. Es wird gefolgert, daß die in-vitro Messung der Adenylat-Cyclase Aktivität im menschlichem Fettgewebe eine einfache Möglichkeit zur Testung von Substanzen mit adrenerger Wirkung darstellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 52-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Affect ; Limbic system ; Cognition ; Functional imaging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Investigations of pain using functional imaging techniques have revealed an extensive central network associated with nociception. This network includes the thalamus, insula, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as the somatosensory cortices. Positron emission tomography (PET) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) has demonstrated activation of the ACC during cognitively challenging tasks such as the Stroop interference task and divided attention. One interpretation of this research is that ACC is involved in the general features of attention and that it does not play a specific role in pain processing per se. Three-dimensional PET imaging provides a method for assessments of rCBF in a single individual during multiple tasks. In addition, coregistration of PET and magnetic resonance (MR) images allows for better localisation of the PET signals so that differences in cortical activation sites can be more accurately determined. This approach was used to assess rCBF during the experience of pain by subtracting images collected during heat from those during noxious heat stimulation. Two regions of the ACC had elevated rCBF, one in the perigenual region and one in the mid-rostrocaudal region (i.e. midcingulate cortex). During the execution of the Stroop task, the group result showed the midcingulate region overlapping with the site seen during the experience of pain. This group result, however, was not confirmed in the individual subject analysis, which revealed widespread and independent areas of ACC response to pain and Stroop. It is concluded that the ACC contributes to multiple cognitive procedures. It is inadequate to describe the primary contribution of ACC to pain processing as “attention” because it is unlikely that the multiple small and independent activation sites produced by pain and Stroop subserve attentive processing throughout the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 83-87 (Jan. 1992), p. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 174 (1991), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 168 (1990), S. 1089-1094 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 170 (1991), S. 320-324 
    ISSN: 0921-4526
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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