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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 2 (1969), S. 419-425 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 23 (1958), S. 1422-1424 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 37 (1965), S. 1076-1078 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To identify sources of nutrition potentially available to the yolk-deficient embryos of the brooding brittlestar Amphipholis squamata Della Chiaje, (= Axiognathus squamata, Thomas 1966), specimens were collected intertidally at all seasons (1986 through 1987) from Odiorne Point, Rye, New Hampshire and from Appledore Island, Isles of Shoals, Maine, USA. Ultrastructural, autoradiographic and immunohistochemical studies were made of adults and brooded embryos. Adult and embryonic tissues have morphological adaptations which support healthy, symbiotic bacteria (5 to 9 x 106 colony forming units/adult brittlestar), while autoradiographic studies indicate direct uptake of labeled amino acids by eukaryotic host tissues and bacteria. Cell envelopes of subcuticular bacteria suggest that they are Gram negative and may belong in the genus Vibrio. Based on immunohistochemical localization, it appears that a single type of bacterium is present in large numbers under the cuticles of embryos and adults of A. squamata. This is the first study of the relationship between an echinoderm and a bacterium which includes isolation and immunohistochemical verification of the identity of the bacterial symbiont.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis OF Müller, collected off the coast of New Hampshire, USA, in late February 1995, were brought into the laboratory and fed an artificial diet ad libitum, and subjected to a photoperiod advanced by 4 months. During this study, temperatures and salinities for experimental urchins mirrored those recorded at the collection site. We examined the effects of changes in feeding regime and photoperiod on gametogenesis and compared the experimental urchins with those from the source population. During the 7-month period, experimental urchins showed no detectable changes in mean test height or diameter. Experimental urchins had a significantly higher gonad index (GI) in March, April and May (18 ± 6%) compared with field urchins in March (11 ± 3%). Subsequently, experimental urchins had a mean monthly GI of 25 to 30%, while the mean GI for field urchins was 11 to 13%. Gonial cell mitosis and gametogenesis occurred earlier in experimental male and female urchins compared with field urchins. Stereological and histological observations and stage–frequency data showed that the ovaries of experimental urchins were large because of the accelerated development of nutritive phagocytes, the volume fraction (V v) of which was 89 to 90% of the gonad, while new vitellogenic primary oocytes occupied 〈1% V v. In males, stereological and histological observations and stage–frequency data suggested a mobilization of materials from the nutritive phagocytes beginning between June and August, i.e. earlier than in females, and, by September, new gametes occupied a V v of 49 ± 3% of the testes. Oocyte size–frequency distributions demonstrated that most primary oocytes were 〈80 μm in diameter between March and September, suggesting that cold temperatures may be needed for completion of vitellogenesis. We describe changes in the two principal cell types in the germinal epithelium of urchin gonads and indicate how knowledge of their population dynamics may be useful in aquaculture applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhiza ; Inoculation ; Field testing ; Laccaria spp ; Thelephora terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Picea sitchensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were grown in containers, inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and planted in British forestry sites. Root samples taken during the year after planting were assessed for mycorrhiza formation. Survival and shoot height were assessed at the end of each year. Observations were made each autumn on the occurrence of sporophores of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Pot experiments were used to assess the colonization potential of soils from the experimental locations. Assessment of mycorrhiza formation by the inoculant fungi both before planting and the following year showed much variation among the fungi used. Similar variation was found among field sites. Inoculation with Laccaria isolates was most successful. Height measurements are reported for the first 2 years after planting, at which time there were few significant effects on growth of Picea sitchensis or Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings. Experimental assessment of colonization potential was of little value in this work for predicting events in the forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 175 (1986), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhiza ; Inoculation ; Field testing ; Laccaria spp ; Thelephora terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Picea sitchensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings were grown in containers, inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and planted in British forestry sites. Root samples taken during the year after planting were assessed for mycorrhiza formation. Survival and shoot height were assessed at the end of each year. Observations were made each autumn on the occurrence of sporophores of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Pot experiments were used to assess the colonization potential of soils from the experimental locations. Assessment of mycorrhiza formation by the inoculant fungi both before planting and the following year showed much variation among the fungi used. Similar variation was found among field sites. Inoculation with Laccaria isolates was most successful. Height measurements are reported for the first 2 years after planting, at which time there were few significant effects on growth of Picea sitchensis or Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings. Experimental assessment of colonization potential was of little value in this work for predicting events in the forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 3 (1966), S. 100-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Little is known about the behavior of dynamic systems with many intricately interacting parts, and about the factors which tend to affect their behavior in general, rather than detailed, ways. This paper describes a study of such systems built up out of unit elements which compute recursive logical functions. Each element has two binary inputs and a binary internal state which is also the element's output state. (Output of elements can be branched.) Recursion is introduced by letting the element's state at the next instant of system time (t+1) be a function of the present states of the two inputs as well as its internal state at the present system time (t). Hence, there are 256 different functions that can be computed, and a particular element's behavior is defined by the one function it computes. 100 identical elements connected at random constitute one system. 256 types of systems, corresponding to all the 256 logical functions, are studied by computer simulation, using five different sets of connections, starting the systems at ten randomly chosen initial system states. After being set at the initial state each system produces its behavior without further interference. We studied particularly the effects on these behaviors of those factors that might determine (i) how long a system would take to arrive at its terminal cycle and (ii) the size (periodicity) of the cycle shown terminally. Among the facts elicited, the following seem especially notable: 1. Such systems tend to end in a complex cycle of behavior. The very short cycle is by no means the common ending. 2. The style of behavior, apart from details, is often strikingly independent of the pattern of connection. 3. One of the factors markedly affecting the length of time before the terminal cycle can be detected by an observer is the extent to which the elements act as informational transmitters. 4. A factor strongly affecting the tendency to terminate in a very short cycle is the number of conditions in which the elements' states will remain unchanged at the next instant of time. 5. The use of elements whose transitions are highly dependent on the element's preceding states encourages short initial periods before the system reaches long terminal cycles. The significance of these facts for various applications in biological computers is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Man weiß heute noch wenig über das Verhalten dynamischer Systeme, die aus vielen gegenseitig aufeinander einwirkenden Komponenten bestehen, und über die Faktoren, die ihr Verhalten im ganzen und nicht so sehr in Einzelheiten bestimmen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Untersuchung solcher Systeme, die aus Einzelelementen aufgebaut sind, welche rekursive logische Funktionen berechnen. Jedes Element hat zwei binäre Eingänge und einen binären internen Zustand, der gleichzeitig den Ausgangszustand des Elements darstellt. Der Ausgang des Elements kann vervielfacht werden. Rekursion wird eingeführt, indem man den Zustand eines Elements im unmittelbar folgenden Moment der Systemzeit (t+1) abhängig macht sowohl von den beiden momentanen Eingangszuständen als auch von seinem momentanen internen Zustand zur Systemzeit (t). Daraus folgt, daß 256 verschiedene Funktionen berechnet werden können; ein Element wird dadurch bestimmt, daß es genau eine dieser Funktionen berechnet. 100 identische Elemente, von denen jedes dieselbe Funkion berechnet, stellen ein System dar. 256 verschiedenet Systemtypen, die mit den 256 logischen Funktionen übereinstimmen, werden mit Hilfe einer digitalen Rechenmaschine studiert, indem man 5 verschiedene Verbindungsarten benützt und das System in 10 beliebig gewählten Anfangszuständen beginnen läßt. Nachdem der Angangszustand einmal hergestellt ist, zeigt das System, ohne weiteren Eingriff von außen, das ihm eigene Verhalten. Wir haben uns besonders damit beschäftigt, die Einwirkung der Faktoren auf das Verhalten der Systeme zu studieren, die bestimmend sein könnten für (i) die Zeit, die ein System braucht, um seinen terminalen Cyclus zu erreichen, und (ii) die Länge der Periodizität des terminalen Cyclus. Unter den Ergebnissen der Untersuchung fallen die folgenden besonders auf: 1. Diese Systeme zeigen eine Tendenz, in einem komplizierten Verhaltungscyclus zu terminieren. Der sehr kurze terminale Cyclus ist keineswegs die Regel. 2. Der Verhaltenstyp — von Einzelheiten abgesehen — ist oft überraschend unabhängig von den Verbindungen. 3. Ein entscheidender Faktor für die Länge der Zeit, bevor ein Terminalcyclus festgestellt werden kann, ist das Ausmaß, in dem die Elemente informationsverarbeitend wirken. 4. Ein Faktor, der die Tendenz zu einem sehr kurzen Terminalcyclus maßgeblich beeinflußt, ist die Anzahl der Bedingungen, unter denen die Zustände der Elemente bei aufeinanderfolgenden Zeitintervallen unverändert bleiben. 5. Elemente, deren Übergänge von ihrem vorhergehenden Zustand abhängig sind, begünstigen kurze Einschwingperioden vor langen Terminalcyclen. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse in ihrer Anwendung auf biologische informationsverarbeitende Systeme wird besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    Menasha, Wis. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Accounting Review. 6:2 (1931:June) 97 
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