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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of populations of the wilt pathogen Ceratocystis albifundus in South Africa and Uganda (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ceratocystis albifundus is an important fungal pathogen of Acacia mearnsii trees in South Africa. In a previous study, a high level of gene diversity was demonstrated in a South African population of C. albifundus. This, together with the occurrence of the pathogen on native Protea species and its exclusive occurrence in South Africa, led to the hypothesis that C. albifundus is probably native to that country. More recently, C. albifundus has been reported from A. mearnsii in south-western Uganda. The aim of this study was to compare the populations of C. albifundus from Uganda and South Africa based on genetic diversity, population structure and possible gene flow. This was achieved using codominant microsatellite markers developed for the closely related species Ceratocystis fimbriata. Available isolates for comparison were from six different areas of South Africa and six jungle stands in Uganda. Eight of the 11 available markers amplified loci in C. albifundus. Gene diversity was higher in the Ugandan population, but genotypic diversity was greater for the South African isolates. There were no common genotypes between the two populations and they shared only 22% of the total alleles. The populations were genetically isolated from each other and highly substructured within. There was no association between isolates collected from the same geographic locations, and gene flow between the two populations was low. Results suggest that C. albifundus was probably not introduced into Uganda from South Africa but rather that an ancestral population, yet to be discovered, is the source of both populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01144.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population structure and possible origin of Amylostereum areolatum in South Africa (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, and its symbiotic fungus, Amylostereum areolatum, cause extensive damage to pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. S. noctilio was first reported from South Africa in 1994. In this study, the population diversity of A. areolatum isolates from South Africa, South America, Australasia and Europe was determined by vegetative incompatibility testing. All 108 South African and 26 South American isolates belonged to the same vegetative compatibility group (VCG). This VCG showed a weak incompatibility reaction with the single Tasmanian and single New Zealand isolates tested. This VCG differed from VCGs from Europe. It also differed from isolates associated with the biocontrol nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, which is produced in Australia. It is concluded that the South African and South American populations of A. areolatum share a common origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00552.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of Endothia gyrosa isolates from Eucalyptus in South Africa and Australia (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Endothia gyrosa is a canker pathogen best known as the causal agent of pin oak blight in North America, and causes cankers on other woody hosts such as Castanea spp. and Liquidambar spp. In South Africa, Australia and Tasmania, a fungus identified as E. gyrosa has been recorded on Eucalyptus spp. Some morphological differences exist between the North American fungus and the isolates from Eucalyptus. Phylogenetic relationships between E. gyrosa from North America and E. gyrosa from South Africa and Australia, as well as that of the related fungi Cryphonectria parasitica and C. cubensis, were studied using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA operon. Endothia gyrosa isolates from South Africa produced the same RFLP banding patterns as those from Australia, which differed markedly from North American isolates of E. gyrosa. In a phylogram based on the DNA sequences, the Australian and South African isolates of E. gyrosa resided in a single, well resolved clade, distinct from North American isolates. Isolates of C. parasitica grouped in the same clade as the South African and Australian isolates of E. gyrosa, but C. cubensis was distantly related to them. The molecular data suggest that the E. gyrosa isolates from South Africa and Australia represent a distinct taxon, and probably belong to the genus Cryphonectria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00556.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discovery of two northern hemisphere Armillaria species on Proteaceae in South Africa (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Armillaria root rot symptoms were observed on native Protea and Leucadendron (Proteaceae) species in Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Intergenic spacer (IGS)-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) profiling indicated the presence of at least two Armillaria species. The profiles of two isolates were identical to those of A. mellea s. str., originating in Europe. Phylogenetic analyses incorporating internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and IGS-1 sequence data identified the remaining isolates as closely related to A. calvescens, A. gallica, A. jezoensis and A. sinapina. These isolates displayed mating compatibility with A. gallica. From the RFLP profiles, sequencing results and sexual compatibility studies, it is concluded that the two species on Proteaceae in Kirstenbosch represent A. mellea and A. gallica. These are northern hemisphere fungi that have apparently been accidentally introduced into South Africa. This is the second report of Armillaria being introduced into South Africa. The introduction probably occurred early in the colonization of Cape Town, when potted plants from Europe were used to establish gardens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00879.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discovery of the Eucalyptus canker pathogen Chrysoporthe cubensis on native Miconia (Melastomataceae) in Colombia (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Chrysoporthe cubensis is one of the most serious canker pathogens on commercially grown Eucalyptus species in the tropics and subtropics. During recent surveys for native hosts of C. cubensis in Colombia, fungi with fruiting structures similar to those of C. cubensis were found on native Miconia theaezans and Miconia rubiginosa, both members of the Melastomataceae. These fungi were identified based on morphology and DNA sequences of the ITS1/ITS2 region of the rDNA operon and the β-tubulin genes. The majority of isolates from M. theaezans and M. rubiginosa grouped together with South American C. cubensis isolates from Eucalyptus species and Syzygium aromaticum (clove). However, some of the isolates from M. theaezans grouped with isolates of Chrysoporthella hodgesiana, another anamorph species linked to Chrysoporthe, from Tibouchina spp. in Colombia. Pathogenicity of these fungi was assessed on various Melastomataceae. Miconia rubiginosa was more susceptible to infection by C. cubensis than two Eucalyptus clones. Isolates of C. cubensis and Chrysop. hodgesiana were mildly pathogenic on the various hosts included in the pathogenicity trials, and most pathogenic on Tibouchina urvilleana and Tibouchina lepidota.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01223.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First report of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum, on pines in Chile (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00710.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity and differentiation in two populations of Gibberella circinata in South Africa (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Gibberella circinata[anamorph Fusarium circinatum (= F. subglutinans f.sp. pini)] causes pitch canker and is an important pathogen in South African pine nurseries. The initial outbreak of the pitch canker fungus was limited to a single nursery at Ngodwana in Mpumalanga Province. Subsequently, several other pine nurseries in South Africa became infected. Most of these outbreaks were relatively small except for the outbreak in the Klipkraal nursery (Mpumalanga Province). The genetic diversity, population differentiation and relative frequencies of the sexual and asexual cycles among two South African subpopulations were determined to establish whether immigration, mutation and/or recombination contributed towards population structure. The allelic diversity of the initial population (Ngodwana) was observed to be lower (0·16) than that of the more recent Klipkraal population (0·25). Approximately 4% (GST = 0·04) of total gene diversity could be attributed to differences among the subpopulations. Furthermore, six new vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) have been identified since the initial outbreak of G. circinata in South Africa 10 years ago. The relatively low allelic diversity and low level of genetic differentiation suggest restricted gene flow among subpopulations, and indicate that the pathogen has been introduced recently. However, the amount of allelic and VCG diversity suggests that multiple genotypes have been introduced into South Africa. The increases in effective population number, allelic diversity and new VCGs over the past 10 years suggest that sexual reproduction might be occurring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01108.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vegetative incompatibility in Diaporthe ambigua (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Vegetative compatibility of strains of Diaporthe ambigua has not previously been examined. Single ascospore and single ascus strains, originating from individual apple, pear and plum rootstocks, were paired on freshly prepared oatmeal agar to determine if vegetative incompatibility could be detected in D. ambigua. Barrage reactions were evident as black lines along the zone of mycelial contact between expanding colonies (vegetative incompatibility reaction). Strains from cankers within an area were of numerous vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Strains from adjacent rootstocks usually differed in VCG. D. ambigua has the ability to outcross, and does so, despite its apparent homothallic nature. DsRNA-containing strains of D. ambigua developed a broad, clear zone when paired with a dsRNA-containing strain from a different VCG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-19.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Armillaria isolates from Bhutan based on DNA sequence comparisons (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Armillaria root rot is a serious disease in fir and mixed conifer forests of Bhutan, Eastern Himalayas. The species causing this disease have, however, never been identified. The aim of this study was to identify field isolates collected at four localities in Bhutan. Identification was based on RFLP analysis of the IGS-1 region, comparisons of ITS and IGS-1 sequence data with those available on GenBank, cladistic analyses and sexual compatibility studies. Isolates were found to reside in two distinct RFLP groups. RFLP group 1 isolates from Pinus wallichiana at Yusipang had RFLP profiles and IGS-1 sequences similar to those of Armillaria mellea ssp. nipponica. Although ITS sequence data are not available for A. mellea ssp. nipponica, sequences from this DNA region were most similar to the closely related A. mellea from Asia. The RFLP profile and IGS-1 sequences for RFLP group 2 isolates from Abies densa at Changaphug, Tsuga dumosa at Chimithanka as well as Picea spinulosa and T. dumosa in the Phobjikha valley were similar to those published for Armillaria borealis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria gemina and Armillaria ostoyae. Distance analysis based on IGS-1 and ITS sequence data indicated that these isolates are closely related to A. cepistipes, Armillaria gallica and Armillaria sinapina. The isolates were, however, sexually incompatible with tester strains of A. cepistipes, A. gallica and A. sinapina. Although closely related to these species, they appear to represent a distinct taxon that will be referred to as Bhutanese phylogenetic species I (BPS I) until basidiocarps are found and the species can be described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01110.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in Eucalyptus from amplified inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 119 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Eucalyptus spp. are widely used in exotic plantations. Since many of these trees are derived from vegetative propagation, the routine identification of clones has become increasingly important. The most widely used molecular based method for fingerprinting these clones is by random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Although this technique is useful, its results are not very repeatable, especially between laboratories. The aim of this study was to develop microsatellite markers that are highly repeatable, and to investigate their value in Eucalyptus fingerprinting. Typically, this process involves the expensive procedure of constructing an enriched genomic library. However, we used an intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based enrichment technique for microsatellite-rich regions. With this relatively inexpensive method, microsatellite-rich regions were amplified directly from genomic DNA, after which PCR products were cloned and sequenced. From these microsatellite-rich sequences, primer sets were constructed to amplify mono-, di-, tri-, hexa-and nona-nucleotide repeats. These markers were all inherited in a Mendelian fashion in the progeny of a test cross between two Eucalyptus grandis trees. The primer sets developed were also able to amplify the corresponding microsatellite loci from five different Eucalyptus spp., namely E. grandis, E. nitens, E. globulus, E. camaldulensis and E. urophylla.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00515.x
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