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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 339 (1989), S. 208-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Behavioural signs of nicotine ; Conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nicotine produces behavioural signs which are, in part, characteristic of dopaminergic activation. In the present study, it was investigated, to which degree these signs can be conditioned. The drug produced dose-dependent (0.15–0.60 mg/kg s.c.) increases in locomotor activity, hyperkinesia and stereotyped sniffing. The effects produced by 0.6 mg/kg nicotine were significantly inhibited by mecamylamine (1 mg/kg i. p.), but only in part by haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg i. p.). In a subsequent series, the administration of nicotine (0.6 mg/kg s.c.) was repeatedly associated with well-defined environmental (conditioned) stimuli: a wire cage associated with an auditory and an olfactory stimulus. Another group was pseudoconditioned, a third group remained drug-naive. When the animals were given saline in presence of the conditioned stimuli 24 h after the last conditioning session, locomotor activity, hyperkinesia and stereotyped sniffing were significantly higher in conditioned than in pseudoconditioned and drug-naive rats. Similarly, when the rats were injected with nicotine (0.6 mg/kg s. c.) in presence of the conditioned stimuli 24 h after the last conditioning session, locomotor activity and stereotyped sniffing were most pronounced in the conditioned animals. These results demonstrated that behavioural effects of nicotine can be conditioned. Phenomena of this kind might contribute to the addictive behaviour to nicotine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 71 (1999), S. 447-455 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluid Dynamics in Microchannel Reactors.The possible benefits of using microchannel reactors in the chemical process industries have been under discussion for several years. Outstanding heat transfer properties, short residence times and short diffusion lengths are considered key advantages, while the cost of the approach and the pending question of long-term stability are still major sources of skepticism. A good starting point for a feasibility study is to investigate some major fluid dynamic properties. For a unit consisting of hundreds of parallel microchannels, the pressure drop for the laminar flow is just a few millibar. However, at high gas flows the distribution over the numerous channels may become non-uniform. It is shown how the resulting residence time distribution affects both the yield of intermediates in consecutive reactions, and step functions of the concentration during periodic operation, respectively. All in all, the results of the estimations are encouraging.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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