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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 25 (1986), S. 1170-1175 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Scottish journal of theology 30 (1977), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 0036-9306
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Theology and Religious Studies
    Notes: It would be difficult not to agree with the judgment of Barth himself concerning his Anselm book; that, although of all his books he had written it with the greatest love, in America and Europe it was of all his books the least read. This is somewhat surprising, considering what is thought by most commentators to be the decisive influence of this book on the formulation of Barth's dogmatic method from 1931 onward. That is after the critical turn which Barth made subsequent to the publication of his first systematic attempt, Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf. This paper attempts to assess how Barth understood Anselm's theological programme and in what respects this understanding evinces a characteristic systematic weakness in Barth's own theological project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 40 (1997), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Carcinoid ; Neuroendocrine tumors ; 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid ; Octreotide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carcinoid syndrome is the product of a rare but fascinating malignant neoplasm. Carcinoid syndrome was described more than 100 years ago, and recent advances in diagnostic localization, elucidation of the mechanisms of oncogenesis, treatment options, and, consequently, patient prognosis have been made. Current modalities of treatment, possible therapeutic implications of new avenues of research, and current literature on the chemotherapeutic combinations used are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 519-536 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; congenic lines ; gene complexes ; regulation ; posttranslational processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A gene complex consists of a structural gene with its associated regulatory information; together they behave as the functional and evolutionary unit of mammalian chromosomes. The use of congenic lines, in which alternate forms, or haplotypes, of a gene complex are transferred into a common genetic background by repeated backcrossing, provides a means of comparing the regulatory properties of different haplotypes of a gene complex without the complications introduced by extraneous genetic differences. We have now carried out such a study of the A, B, and H haplotypes of the β-glucuronidase gene complex, [Gus], in mice. These haplotypes were derived from strains A/J, C57BL/6J, and C3H/HeJ and were compared against the C57BL/6J genetic background. Enzyme structure was compared in terms of charge (isoelectric point), stability (rate of thermal denaturation), substrate affinity (for 4 MU glucuronide), and antigenicity (reactivity with a standard antibody). Compared to the B form, the enzyme coded by the A haplotype has a lower isoelectric point, and that coded by the H haplotype is less stable. The decreased stability is the result of a lower activation energy for the thermal denaturation reaction. These differences were maintained in the congenic strains. All three enzyme forms showed identical substrate affinities. Antigenicity per enzyme unit was also identical for all three, indicating that none lacks an antigenic site possessed by the others and that they all possess the same catalytic activity per molecule. The expression of alleles of the Gus-t temporal locus within the gene complex was not affected by transfer into the C57BL/6 genetic background. The same developmental switches in enzyme activity were seen in each case. Transfer into the C57Bl/6 background also did not affect expression of the Gus-r regulator determining androgen inducibility of β-glucuronidase synthesis in kidney epithelial cells. However, enzyme accumulation in induced cells was altered when the haplotypes were transferred into the C57BL/6 genetic background. Since the rate of synthesis was not affected, it suggests that the genetic differences between strains that are not linked to the [Gus] complex affect the rate of enzyme loss by degradation or secretion. β-Glucuronidase in liver is present in both lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes). The relative amount of enzyme at each site depended on both the indentity of the structural allele and the function of unlinked genetic modifiers. Within the C57BL/6 background the percentage of total enzyme present in the microsome fraction was the order A〉B〉H. For the H form of the enzyme the percentage was appreciably greater in the C3H genetic background compared to C57BL/6. As expected, then, the [Gus] complex contains all of the genetic determinants of enzyme structure detected by thermal stability and isoelectric point measurements. Additionally, the complex contains all of the genetically determined differences between strains in the regulation of β-glucuronidase synthesis, including the programming of synthesis during development and the responsiveness of the [Gus] complex to hormonal stimulation. In contrast, genetic determinants of posttranslational processing are located elsewhere, including factors affecting enzyme localization and secretion/degradation. These results illustrate the utility of congenic strains for minimizing other genetic variables in characterizing the regulatory properties of alternate haplotypes of a gene complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 897-903 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase synthesis ; enzyme loss ; recombinant-inbred strains ; induction by testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A set of recombinant-inbred strains developed from mouse strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 includes two β-glucuronidase phenotypes that are not seen in either of the progenitor strains. These new recombinant phenotypes indicate that glucuronidase levels are regulated by genes additional to the Gur locus, which is closely linked to the glucuronidase structural gene (Gus) and is known to regulate the rate of glucuronidase synthesis. In this study, induced rates of glucuronidase synthesis were determined for these recombinant-inbred strains, and rate constants for enzyme loss were calculated. The rate of synthesis was found to segregate with the Gus gene in all of the strains, and only the determinants for rate of enzyme loss recombined to give new phenotypes. It was concluded that at least two genes affect the rate of enzyme loss, that these genes are not closely linked to each other or to the Gur-Gus region on chromosome 5, and that no major determinants of glucuronidase synthesis segregate independently of Gur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; gene regulation ; response to androgen ; response to estrogen ; regulatory locus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both enzyme activity and mRNA concentration of β-glucuronidase were measured in kidneys of mice treated with testosterone and the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol. Six congenic strains, all having a C57BL6/J genetic background but each having a different haplotype of the β-glucuronidase gene complex, were compared. In each strain the induction caused by androgen was partially repressed by estrogen. The extent of this antagonism varied among the six haplotypes and was not coordinate with the extent of induction by androgen alone. Antagonism appears to be regulated by at least two alleles of a new locus,Gus-e, within the β-glucuronidase gene complex. Repression by estrogen, like induction by androgen, appears to take place primarily at the transcriptional level. Kinetic studies revealed that estrogen causes the androgen response curve to plateau earlier and at a lower level. This suggests that estrogen increases the rate of gene deactivation rather than decreasing the rate of gene activation, Isoelectric focusing of β-glucuronidase fromGus-e a andGus-e b mice and their F1 progeny revealed that the genes are regulated incis. Together, these findings support a model in which both sex hormones exert their effects on separate DNA response elements located in close proximity to the gene or within the gene itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase ; gene regulation ; response to androgen ; response to estrogen ; regulatory locus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both enzyme activity and mRNA concentration of β-glucuronidase were measured in kidneys of mice treated with testosterone and the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol. Six congenic strains, all having a C57BL6/J genetic background but each having a different haplotype of the β-glucuronidase gene complex, were compared. In each strain the induction caused by androgen was partially repressed by estrogen. The extent of this antagonism varied among the six haplotypes and was not coordinate with the extent of induction by androgen alone. Antagonism appears to be regulated by at least two alleles of a new locus,Gus-e, within the β-glucuronidase gene complex. Repression by estrogen, like induction by androgen, appears to take place primarily at the transcriptional level. Kinetic studies revealed that estrogen causes the androgen response curve to plateau earlier and at a lower level. This suggests that estrogen increases the rate of gene deactivation rather than decreasing the rate of gene activation, Isoelectric focusing of β-glucuronidase fromGus-e a andGus-e b mice and their F1 progeny revealed that the genes are regulated incis. Together, these findings support a model in which both sex hormones exert their effects on separate DNA response elements located in close proximity to the gene or within the gene itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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