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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 169 (1980), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen patients with hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) positive chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were vaccinated with the nonhuman influenza A virus Heq1Neq1; eight patients were also treated with leucocyte interferon. Prevaccination sera were negative for specific antibody in hemagglutination inhibition tests. Four weeks after vaccination all patients had responded with a homologous antibody titer. Between the interferon-treated and the untreated groups the differences in antibody titers against the vaccine virus were not significant. Concomitant with the antibody response against the nonhuman influenza virus, a fourfold or higher antibody rise was observed against the influenza A virus strains Hsw1N1 (in six treated and seven untreated patients), H1N1 (in six treated and four untreated patients) and H3N2 (in five treated patients only). The results suggest that a normal specific antibody response in HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis patients is not significantly altered by leucocyte interferon, and that non-specific antibody production can occur in the absence of a serologic relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 29 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: D-Amino acid oxidase (D-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.3; D-AAO) activity is biochemically undetected in rat brain stem, cerebellum and forebrain until 14 days after birth. Adult levels are attained by day 30 in the brain stem, and by day 36 in the cerebellum. At adulthood, forebrain D-AAO activity per g wet weight of tissue is less than 2% that of the cerebellum. In contrast to the pattern in the CNS, substantial D-AAO activity is present in both liver and kidney 2 days before birth and adult levels are approached within 2 weeks of birth. Nonetheless, D-AAO activities in rat liver, kidney, brain stem and cerebellum are likely to be due to a single enzyme which has properties very similar to the purified hog D-AAO. The late ontogenesis of D-AAO activity in cerebellum and brain stem relative to that in liver and kidney parallels reported phylogenetic data.Histochemical staining for D-AAO in rat cerebellar cortex is absent until 15 days after birth when activity is first observed in some cells of the external germinal zone and adjacent molecular layer. These cells appear to migrate to a final destination around the Purkinje cell soma and leave processes at the pial surface. By 21 days of age an adult pattern of staining is manifest throughout the cerebellum but it is of weak intensity. The adult pattern includes some staining in the granular layer which seems to be associated with mossy fibers and certain cerebellar glomeruli, and strong staining at the pial surface, in the molecular layer, and in cells surrounding, but not within, the Purkinje cell soma. The data suggest that the biochemical appearance of D-AAO in developing cerebellum derives from two sources: one associated with differentiation of one of the last cell types to form from the external germinal zone, and the other with maturation of mossy fibers and their synapses (cerebellar glomeruli).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 28 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Hog cerebellar d-amino acid oxidase (d-AAO; EC 1.4.3.3) has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was found to be indistinguishable from crystalline hog kidney d-AAO by a number of criteria, including electrophoresis in both cationic and anionic discontinuous buffer systems, FAD and sulfhydryl contents, and monomer molecular weights of about 40,000 as determined by SDS disc gel electrophoresis. Both preparations exhibited similar specific activities (23 μmol d-ala oxidized min−1 mg−1 protein), substrate specificities, and susceptibilities to competitive inhibitors.Rabbit antisera were prepared against each enzyme preparation. Double immunodiffusion revealed no antigenic differences between the two when antiserum against either preparation was used. Although a soluble protein, d-AAO activity in cerebellum is particulate.Two methods were utilized to study the histological localization of d-AAO activity in hog cerebellum: peroxidase-coupled histochemistry and immunofluorescence. The histochemical procedure seems specific for d-AAO since l-amino acids are inert and known competitive inhibitors of the purified flavoenzyme prevent staining. Rabbit antiserum prepared against purified hog cerebellar d-AAO was visualized indirectly with fluorescein-labeled goat antirabbit IgG antiserum. Control experiments with serum from unimmunized rabbits were negative.The results of both techniques were identical in three respects: (1) d-AAO was observed in many fibers emanating from cerebellar white matter; the white matter itself did not exhibit d-AAO, despite presence of the oxidase by biochemical assay; (2) intense d-AAO activity (or antigen) was found in mossy fiber rosettes (glomeruli) in the granular layer; (3) a peculiar and intense localization of d-AAO was noted at the level of, but not within, the Purkinje cell soma. The molecular layer was essentially devoid of d-AAO histochemical activity except for minimal staining near the pial surface. However, the more sensitive immunofluorescent technique revealed d-AAO containing fibers in the molecular layer running parallel to each other and perpendicular to the pial surface; the relatively large size and small number of these fibers do not suggest identification as granule cell axons. No d-AAO has been found in granule cell soma, Golgi Type-II cells, or Purkinje cell soma. These results are discussed in terms of the localization of d-AAO in mossy fibers and their terminals and in certain cell-type(s) of cerebellar origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 146 Herztransplantationspatienten untersuchten wir den Effekt passiver Immunisierung gegen CMV. Die 65 seronegativen Herzempfänger wurden peri- und postoperativ prophylaktisch mit Anti-CMV-Immunglobulin behandelt. 29 dieser 65 Patienten erhielten ein seropositives Spenderherz. Bei 21 von 65 seronegativen und bei 40 von 81 seropositiven Empfängern kam es zur Infektion (Unterschied nicht signifikant). Die Inzidenz von CMV-Infektionen war bei seronegativen Empfängern eines entsprechenden Spenderherzens (3/34) signifikant niedriger als bei seronegativen Empfängern eines positiven Spenderherzens und niedriger als bei seropositiven Empfängern, jedoch ergab sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden letztgenannten Gruppen (18/29 versus 40/81). Obwohl primäre Infektionen häufiger zur CMV-Erkrankung führten als sekundäre Infektionen (11/21 versus 10/40), ergab sich kein Unterschied in der Häufigkeit seronegativer und seropositiver Patienten (11/65 versus 10/81), oder im Schweregrad der Symptomatik nach primärer beziehungsweise sekundärer Infektion. Bei allen Patienten, die das Herz eines seropositiven Spenders erhielten, ergab sich eine höhere Inzidenz an CMV-Erkrankungen, als bei denen, die einen seronegativen Spender hatten. Nach der Transplantation eines Herzens von einem seropositiven Spender war jedoch bei unseren passiv immunisierten seronegativen Patienten die gleiche Inzidenz (27%) von CMV-Erkrankungen zu beobachten wie bei den Patienten mit natürlich erworbener Seropositivität. In der Prävalenz der koronaren Herzkrankheit ergab sich kein Unterschied zwischen Patienten mit und ohne CMV-Infektion oder Erkrankung. Demzufolge hängt das Auftreten einer CMV-Infektion und Erkrankung bei Anwendung des gegenwärtigen Schemas zur passiven Immunisierung weitgehend vom serologischen Status des Spenders ab.
    Notes: Summary We analyzed the results of passive immunization against CMV in 146 heart transplant recipients. The 65 seronegative recipients were prophylactically treated with anti-CMV immunoglobulins during and after the operation. Twenty-nine of these 65 patients received a seropositive donor heart. CMV infection occurred in 21/65 seronegative and in 40/81 seropositive recipients (difference not significant). The incidence of CMV infection in seronegative recipients of a CMV-matched donor heart (3/34) was significantly lower than in seronegative recipients of a positive donor heart and lower than in seropositive recipients, but no significant difference in infection rate was found between the two latter groups (18/29 vs. 40/81). Although primary infection more frequently resulted in CMV disease than secondary infection (11/21 vs. 10/40) no difference in incidence of disease was noted between seronegative and seropositive patients (11/65 vs. 10/81), nor was there a difference in the severity of symptoms following primary or secondary infection. There was a higher incidence of CMV disease in all patients who received a heart from a seropositive donor versus a seronegative donor. However, after transplantation of a heart from a seropositive donor the incidence (27%) of CMV disease observed in our passively immunized seronegative patients was the same as in the patients with naturally acquired seropositivity. There was no difference in the prevalence of coronary artery disease between patients with and without CMV infection or disease. We conclude that using the current passive immunization scheme the occurrence of CMV infection and disease is largely dependent on the serostatus of the donor.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8280
    Keywords: kidney transplantation ; OKT3 ; rejection prophylaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen kidney transplant recipients received the IgG2a anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 and azathioprine as rejection prophylaxis during the first two postoperative weeks. Concomitant immunosuppression consisted of low dose steroids while cyclosporine A therapy was instituted on day 12. Side effects included fever, bronchospasm, hypotension and diarrhoea. OKT3 caused T cell modulation resulting in CD3 dim +, CD4+ or CD8+, CD5+, WT31− and 11F2−cells. Anti-OKT3 antibodies were found in approximately 50% of the patients. The protocol induced a 100% patient and graft survival and a 81% actuarial freedom of rejection at 18 months. It prevented CsA associated nephrotoxicity in the direct postoperative phase. These beneficial effects outweighed the side effects of OKT3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 278 (1979), S. 742-742 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To test the antiviral effect of human leukocyte interferon (HLI) in vivo, six rhesus monkeys were infected intradermally with different doses of vaccinia virus (strain of the Rijks Instituut voor de Volksgezondheid, RIV)2 of which three were treated daily with HLI administered intramuscularly. The ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Kidney transplantation ; race ; Graft survival ; ethnic differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most studies on the influence of recipient race on kidney transplant survival have been performed in the United States. Generally, they show a lower survival in African-Americans than in Caucasians. Since Rotterdam has gradually become a multi-ethnic society, we were able to study the effect of origin on kidney survival. We restricted our study to recipients of a primary cadaveric kidney graft between July 1983 and July 1997 who received cyclosporin as primary immunosuppression. Patients were divided into two main groups according to origin: European (n = 399) and non-European (n = 110). No statistical differences were found for mean donor age, sex distribution, or the total number of HLA-A and DR mismatches. Non-Europeans had significantly more mismatches on their HLA-B locus (P = 0.01) and recipient age was lower (P = 0,003). The reason non-Europeans had lost their native kidneys was more often hypertension and less often congenital or hereditary diseases compared to Europeans. The causes of death and of transplant failure did not differ. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis did not show European or non-European origin to be an independent predictor of graft survival (two categories, P = 0.25). The variable origin in five categories did show an independent influence on graft survival, with Arab en African recipients running higher risks than European and Asian recipients. We conclude that, in our center, the prognosis after kidney transplantation is comparable for Europeans and non-Europeans; however, in the subcategories, Arab and African recipients have a worse prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Mycophenolate mofetil ; Mycophenolic acid ; Therapeutic drug monitoring ; Kidney transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-seven stable kidney transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone were converted to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone 1 year after transplantation. After conversion the patients were treated with a standard daily dose of 1 g MMF b. i. d. and 10 mg prednisone for 4 months. Thereafter, two MMF dose reductions were performed with a 4-month interval. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) trough levels were measured at regular intervals. A relation was found between MPA trough levels and MMF dose. The median MPA trough level for patients treated with 1 g MMF b. i. d. was 4.3 μg/ml (0.95–15.5) and 3.0 μg/ml (0.73–7.8) for patients treated with 750 mg b. i. d. (P = 0.0002). The MPA trough levels further decreased from 3.0 to 2.3 μg/ml (0.6–6.63) in patients treated with 500 mg MMF b. i. d. (P = 0.01). Dose reduction of MMF from 1 g to 750 mg b. i. d. could be performed without acute rejections. A further dose reduction to 500 mg b. i. d. elicited 3 rejections. Patients experiencing an acute rejection had a median MPA trough level of 2.3 μg/ml (1.26–3.38) compared to 3.8 μg/ml (1.48–6.52) in patients without an acute rejection (P = 0.25). We conclude that there is a significant relation between MPA trough levels and MMF dose. MPA trough levels were not predictive of rejection in the present study.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transplant international 1 (1988), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Cyclosporin A ; Azathioprine ; Kidney transplantation ; Mononuclear cell infiltrates ; Monoclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Focal small mononuclear cell infiltrates were found in renal allograft biopsies of 13/14 transplant recipients with a stable function after long-term cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy. Phenotypical analysis of the infiltrating cells using monoclonal antibodies showed a slight preponderance of T cells (56%±8%), with only small percentages of B cells (5%±2%), NK cells (2%±1%), and monocytes (2%±1%). Within the T-cell population the median calculated CD4/CD8 ratio was 1:3. Thirty-five percent of the infiltrating mononuclear cells remained unidentified with the monoclonal antibody panel used (silent cells). Three months after immunosuppressive therapy had been changed from CsA to azathioprine (AZA), the size of the infiltrates was significantly increased and there was a marked invasion of mononuclear cells between tubular epithelium despite a significant improvment in creatinine clearance (P〈0.01). The phenotypical composition of these infiltrates was dominated by T cells (84%±3%), with a median CD4/CD8 ratio of 2:7 due to an increase in CD4+ cells and a decrease in CD8+ cells after conversion (P〈0.05). The percentages of B cells, NK cells, and monocytes showed no significant changes after conversion. During AZA therapy nearly all infiltrating mononuclear cells were stained with the monoclonals used, leaving no silent cells postconversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibodies ; Prophylaxis ; Interleukin-15 ; Redundancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis to study the effects of anti-rejection prophylaxis with an anti-interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (IL-2R) monoclonal antibody (BT563) on the allogeneic process by analyzing intragraft IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15 mRNA expression. Analysis showed an association between rejection and intragraft IL-2 mRNA and IL-4 mRNA transcription, whereas IL-15 was consitutively expressed: IL-2 62 % (8/13) during rejection versus 23 % (8/35) during immunological quiescence (P 〈 0.01); IL-4 69 % versus 23 % (P 〈 0.01). BT563 therapy influenced the intragraft mRNA expression of IL-2 and IL-4 but not of IL-15. In endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) showing rejection, mRNA expression of IL-2 was detectable in 40 % (2/5) during BT563 treatment versus 75 % (6/8) in the absence of BT563; for IL-4, 23 % versus 88 %, respectively. In contrast, IL-15 mRNA transcription was not affected. Quantitative analysis in rejection EMB showed comparable IL-15 mRNA levels during and after BT563 treatment. This study demonstrates that therapeutic intervention within the IL-2-dependent T-cell activation cascade does not completely prevent rejection. Other cytokines, such as IL-15, may participate in IL-2-independent rejections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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