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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Immunoreactive phospholipase A2 ; Serum catalytic phospholipase A2 activity ; Necrotizing pancreatitis ; Diffuse peritonitis ; Multiple injuries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the source and role of circulating phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalytic activity we monitored the serum from patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (n=8), diffuse peritonitis (n=6), and multiple injuries (n=11). Immunoreactive PLA2 serum protein concentration was analysed using a fluoroimmunoassay based on an antibody against human pancreatic PLA2. Serum PLA2 catalytic activity was analysed using a radiochemical method based on a substrate with tritiated palmitic acid in beta position. In necrotizing pancreatitis immunoreactive PLA2 and PLA2 catalytic activity both increased. Obviously, in necrotizing pancreatitis the major part of serum catalytic activity stems from the pancreas. In patients with diffuse peritonitis and multiple injuries, as a rule, immunoreactive phospholipase A2 serum concentration appears to be within the normal range. In contrast, in these patients we demonstrated high serum catalytic PLA2 activity comparable to that in necrotizing pancreatitis. The source of catalytic PLA2 activity in peritonitis and multiple injuries seems not to be the pancreas. There was a correlation between pulmonary insufficiency and serum PLA2 catalytic activity in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, peritonitis, and multiple injuries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Septic shock ; Nitric oxide ; Prostacyclin ; Gastric intramucosal pH ; PCO2 gap ; Splanchnic oxygenation ; Indocyanine-green extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives To compare the effects of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin (PGI2) on hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as on the indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH in patients with septic shock. Design Prospective, randomized, interventional clinical study. Setting Intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients Sixteen patients with pulmonary hypertension and septic shock according to the criteria of the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference all requiring norepinephrine and/or epinephrine to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 65 mmHg. Methods and interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive either nitric oxide or aerosolized prostacyclin. Nitric oxide was inhaled using a commercially available delivery system, prostacyclin was administered with a modified ultrasound nebulizer. Both nitric oxide and prostacyclin were incrementally adjusted to obtain a 15% decrease of mean pulmonary artery pressure. Hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as indocyaninegreen plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH were determined at baseline after 90 min in steady state, after 90 min of nitric oxide inhalation or prostacyclin aerosol administration had elapsed in stable conditions, and after 90 min in stable conditions after nitric oxide or prostacyclin with-drawal. Results Both inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin selectively reduced the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 35±4, 30±4 mmHg (p〈0.05) and 34±4 to 30±3 mmHg (p〈0.05) respectively; after removal of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, the mean pulmonary artery pressure returned to the baseline values. Systemic hemodynamics remained unaltered during the vasodilator treatment. While the mean PaO2 was not significantly influenced, it increased in 4/8 of the NO- and 3/8 of the PGI2 — treated patients. Neither of the drugs influenced indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate, but prostacyclin — unlike nitric oxide — significantly increased gastric intramucosal pH (from 7.26±0.07 to 7.30±0.05,p〈0.05) which remained elevated in four of these patients after prostacyclin removal, and decreased the arterial-gastric mucosal pressure of carbon dioxide gap from 19±6 to 15±4 mmHg (p〈0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that aerosolized prostacyclin — unlike nitric oxide — has similar beneficial effects on splanchnic perfusion and oxygenation as intravenous prostacyclin without detrimental effects on systemic hemodynamics. The different effects of prostacyclin and nitric oxide might be explained by the longer half-life of prostacyclin associated with a certain spillover into the systemic circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Unlike in healthy volunteers in patients with septic shock the hepatic metabolic response to adrenergic stimulation may not mirror the catecholamine-induced increase in splanchnic blood flow. Given the high O2 cost of hepatic gluconcogenesis, infusing dobutamine may potentially reduce hepatic energy requirements in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Septic shock ; Nitric oxide ; Prostacyclin ; Gastric intramucosal pH ; PCO2 gap ; Splanchnic oxygenation ; Indocyanine-green extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To compare the effects of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin (PGI2) on hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as on the indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH in patients with septic shock. Design: Prospective, randomized, interventional clinical study. Setting: Intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: Sixteen patients with pulmonary hypertension and septic shock according to the criteria of the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference all requiring norepinephrine and/or epinephrine to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 65 mmHg. Methods and interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either nitric oxide or aerosolized prostacyclin. Nitric oxide was inhaled using a commercially available delivery system, prostacyclin was administered with a modified ultrasound nebulizer. Both nitric oxide and prostacyclin were incrementally adjusted to obtain a 15% decrease of mean pulmonary artery pressure. Hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate and gastric intramucosal pH were determined at baseline after 90 min in steady state, after 90 min of nitric oxide inhalation or prostacyclin aerosol administration had elapsed in stable conditions, and after 90 min in stable conditions after nitric oxide or prostacyclin withdrawal. Results: Both inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin selectively reduced the mean pulmonary artery pressure from 35±4, 30±4 mmHg (p〈0.05) and 34±4 to 30±3 mmHg (p〈0.05) respectively; after removal of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, the mean pulmonary artery pressure returned to the baseline values. Systemic hemodynamics remained unaltered during the vasodilator treatment. While the mean PaO2 was not significantly influenced, it increased in 4/8 of the NO- and 3/8 of the PGI2– treated patients. Neither of the drugs influenced indocyanine-green plasma disappearance rate, but prostacyclin – unlike nitric oxide – significantly increased gastric intramucosal pH (from 7.26±0.07 to 7.30±0.05, p〈0.05) which remained elevated in four of these patients after prostacyclin removal, and decreased the arterial-gastric mucosal pressure of carbon dioxide gap from 19±6 to 15±4 mmHg (p〈0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggest that aerosolized prostacyclin – unlike nitric oxide – has similar beneficial effects on splanchnic perfusion and oxygenation as intravenous prostacyclin without detrimental effects on systemic hemodynamics. The different effects of prostacyclin and nitric oxide might be explained by the longer half-life of prostacyclin associated with a certain spillover into the systemic circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Severity of illness ; Patient outcome assessment ; haemofiltration ; Acute renal failure ; Epidemiology ; Mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To examine the epidemiology of acute renal failure (ARF) and to identify predictors of mortality in patients treated by continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Design: Uncontrolled observational study. Setting: One intensive care unit (ICU) at a surgical and trauma centre. Patients: A consecutive sample of 3591 ICU treatments. Measurements and results: Demographic data, indications for ICU admission, severity scores and organ system failure at the beginning of CVVHDF were set against the occurrence of ARF and ICU mortality. 154 (4.3 % of ICU patients and 0.6 % of the hospital population) developed ARF and were treated with CVVHDF. Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status and higher Apache II score were associated with ICU incidence of ARF. However, these criteria were not able to predict outcome in ARF. A simplified predictive model was derived using multivariate logistic regression modelling. The mortality rates were 12 % with one failing organ system (OSF), 38 % with two OSF, 72 % with three OSF, 90 % with four OSF and 100 % with five OSF. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death was 7.7 for cardiovascular failure, 6.3 for hepatic failure, 3.6 for respiratory failure, 3.0 for neurologic failure, 5.3 for massive transfusion and 3.7 for age of 60 years or more. Conclusion: General measures of severity are not useful in predicting the outcome of ARF. Only the nature and number of dysfunctioning organ systems and massive transfusion at the beginning of CVVHDF and the age of the patients gave a reliable prognosis in this group of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 36 (1999), S. 612-618 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words MRSA ; Synercid ; VRSA ; Decontamination ; Schlüsselwörter MRSA ; Synercid ; VRSA ; Dekontamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Übersichtsarbeit zeigt den aktuellen Stand der Behandlung und Prophylaxe bei Infektion mit Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus-aureus-Stämmen (MRSA) und den seit kurzem aufgetretenen Vancomycin-resistenten Staphylokokken (VRSA) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung intensivmedizinischer Probleme. Dargestellt werden die hygienischen bzw. Isolationsmaßnahmen, welche zum Behandlungskonzept einer MRSA-Infektion im Zuge einer Krankenhausepidemie gehören, wie auch die chemotherapeutischen Möglichkeiten in der Therapie einer MRSA-Infektion sowohl lokal als auch systemisch, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der kurz vor ihrer europaweiten Einführung stehenden Substanz Quinupristin/ Dalfopristin (Synercid, Rhone-Poulenc RP 59500) und deren Wirkungsspektrum bei VRSA- und MRSA-Infektion.
    Notes: Summary The review shows the development in the prophylactics and therapy of methicillin (multi)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the lately emergenced vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strains the lately emergenced. A state of the art decontamination and isolation guideline with a special emphasis on critical care patients is given. Also the article reviews the currently used antibiotic drugs for local and systemic treatment of MRSA infection. The most important systemic administered drugs are discussed with a focus on glycopeptides. Quinupristin/ Dalfopristin (Synercid®, RP 59500) as a substance, which is currently being clinically investigated and is close to its registration, is also introduced and quoted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 68 (1997), S. 898-901 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Acute posttraumatic and postoperative cholecystitis ; Ultrasonographic findings. ; Schlüsselwörter: Cholecystitis ; akute postoperative und posttraumatische ; Ultraschallkriterien.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Eine oft unbemerkte, jedoch potentiell fatale Komplikation im posttraumatischen Verlauf intensivpflichtiger Patienten ist die reaktive akute Cholecystitis. Aufgrund der hohen Spezifität der Ultraschalldiagnostik im biliären System war es unser Ziel, die Ultraschallkriterien zur frühzeitigen Objektivierung der posttraumatischen Cholecystitis zu überprüfen. Prospektiv wurde über 12 Monate bei 40 beatmungspflichtigen Patienten an jeweils 7 Tagen eine Ultraschalluntersuchung des Oberbauchs durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Beatmung, parenterale Ernährung und die Auswirkungen einer zuvor stattgehabten Traumatisierung des Patienten zu einer verzögerten Verdickung (28/40) bzw. Dreischichtung (9/40) der Gallenblasenwand führen kann. Sonographisch waren in 22,5 % (9/40) die Zeichen einer akuten Cholecystitis nachweisbar. In Korrelation mit den klinischen Parametern ergab sich jedoch nur in 2 Fällen die Indikation zur Cholecystektomie. Unsere Studie zeigt, daß das morphologische Korrelat einer verdickten dreischichtigen Gallenblasenwand auch ohne zugrundeliegende Cholecystitis im Rahmen systemischer Veränderungen auftreten kann. Eine sichere Diagnose einer akuten reaktiven Cholecystitis mit der Indikation zur Cholecystektomie konnte bei pathologischem Sonographiebefund nur in enger Korrelation mit klinischen Parametern gestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary. An often unrecognized but potentially fatal complication, mostly seen in posttraumatic patients under intensive care, is reactive acute cholecystitis. On account of the high specificity of ultrasound diagnosis in the biliary system we decided to examine the ultrasound criteria for early detection of posttraumatic cholecystitis. Ultrasound of the abdomen was performed prospectively, seven times on different days, in each of 40 artificially respirated patients under intensive care conditions over a period of 12 months. The results show that artificial respiration, parenteral feeding and previous trauma can lead to tardive (28/40) wallthickening or to a three-layered wall of the gallbladder (9/40). In 22.5 % of patients (9/40) we found the sonographic signs of acute cholecystitis. In correlation with the clinical signs, cholecystectomy was indicated in only two patients. The preoperative ultrasonographic findings and clinical signs of 23 patients with the diagnosis of acute reactive cholecystitis were analysed retrospectively. We found good correlation between sonographic and clinical signs of acute cholecystitis in 21 of these 23 patients. Our study shows that the morphological correlate of a thickened three-layered gallbladder wall can occur in the context of systemic alterations, even if there is no underlying cholecystitis. The diagnosis of acute reactive cholecystitis and the indication for cholecystectomy should be based on the synopsis of pathologic and clinical findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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