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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 161 (1968), S. 89-117 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit handelt über Struktur und Funktion der Dottersackmembran des Hühnchens. Alle Dottersubstanzen werden, entweder unverändert, oder aber durch enzymatische Reaktionen in einfachere Metaboliten umgewandelt, durch die Entodermzellen der Dottersackmembran dem Blut des Embryos zugeführt. In dieser Arbeit wurde Glycogen als Markiersubstanz der Aktivität verwendet, weil Glycogen aus Dotter abgeleitet ist und in Entodermzellen ohne weiteres nachweisbar ist. Die Lokalisation von Glycogen in den Entodermzellen und der wahrscheinliche Weg des Glucosetransports in das Blut wurde während des mittleren Drittels der Embryonalperiode untersucht mittels cytochemischen, radioautographischen und elektronenoptischen Methoden. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1. In den Dottersack injizierte, tritium-markierte Glucose wird in Glycogenkörner des Entoderm-Cytoplasmas inkorporiert. Die markierten Glycogenkörner wurden in zwei Anordnungen gefunden: kreisförmig um Dotterkugeln herum, und konzentriert in der Nähe der Basalmembran. Dieselben Anordnungs-Muster wurden auch durch den Periodsäure-Schiff-Nachweis gefunden. 2. Elektronenmikroskopie zeigt das Glycogen in kleinen Rosetten zwischen den Dotterkugeln. Unterschiede im Muster der Glycogen-Organisation zwischen Apex und Basis der Entodermzellen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß Glycogen zunächst im apikalen Cytoplasma synthetisiert und eingelagert wird, sodann in eine glycogenreiche Zone des agranulären Reticulums und schließlich zur Basis der Entodermzellen verschoben wird, wo der Abbau zu Glucose und Transport ins Blut stattfinden. Zwischen dem Glycogen des basalen Cytoplasmas und dem Blut der venösen Kapillaren besteht ein submikroskopischer Komplex von perivaskulären Räumen und Zellmembranen mit mikropinozytären Bläschen, die offenbar für den Transport von Glucose und anderen Metaboliten ins Blut, aber auch für den Austausch von Substanzen zwischen Entodermzellen und Embryo adaptiert sind. Es wurde zum erstenmal gezeigt, daß bei der Aufnahme von Dottersubstanzen in die Entodermzellenganze Dotterkugeln verschiedener Art umschlungen werden, und zwar durch das Zusammenfließen des Randes von schalenförmigen Falten der Plasmamembran. Pinozytäre Bläschen der Zellmembran scheinen verantwortlich zu sein für die Aufnahme von löslichen Dottersubstanzen.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the relationship of structure and function in the yolk-sac membrane (YSM), a living “way station” between yolk and embryo of the chick. Through its parenchyma (entoderm) cells all yolk substances, either unchanged or enzymatically transformed into simpler metabolites, are transported to the blood of the growing embryo, wherein they are preeminently utilized as building blocks. Since glycogen must be derived from yolk and is readily visualized in entodermal cells (glycogenic cells of Claude Bernard) of the YSM it was chosen as a marker of functional activity. By a combination of methods of cytochemistry, radioautography and electron microscopy, glycogen localization in the entodermal cells and probable mode of glucose transport into the blood has been investigated during the middle third of embryonic life. The principal findings are: (1) Tritiated glucose injected into the yolk sac is incorporated into glycogen granules in the cytoplasm of entodermal cells. The labeled glycogen granules are arranged in circles about yolk spheres (“perilipid pattern”) and in basal concentrations next to the plasma membrane (“basal pattern”). These patterns are identical to those obtained by the periodic acid Schiff test. (2) In electron micrographs glycogen commonly appears as tiny packets of rosettes typically disposed in the cytoplasmic matrix between the yolk spheres but not within them. Differences in patterns of glycogen-organelle organization between apex and base of the entodermal cell suggest a state of flux of glycogen in an apical-basal direction, to wit—from initial synthesis and deposition of glycogen in the apical cytoplasm, to an area rich in glycogen deposits associated with agranular ER, to a basal area of glycogen, ready for breakdown into glucose and transport to blood. Between the glycogen of the basal cytoplasm and the blood of the venous capillary is an ultrastructural complex of perivascular spaces and cell surface membranes having micropinocytic vesicles that are seemingly adapted for the transport of glucose or other metabolites to the blood as well as for the exchange of substances between the entodermal cells and the embryo. As to the mode of uptake of yolk substances from the yolk sac into the entodermal cells, it has been established for the first time thatwhole yolk spheres of different kinds are engulfed by the coalescence of the edge of a cup-shaped fold of the plasma membrane. Pinocytic vesicles of the cell surface membrane seem to provide devices for the uptake of soluble yolk substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 130 (1933), S. 616-648 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es werden die Entwicklungspotenzen der gonadenbildenden Bezirke des Hühnerkeims vor Erreichung des Genitalleistenstadiums analysiert mit Hilfe der Methode der Transplantation auf die Chorio-Allantois. Es wurden folgende Stadien untersucht: a) Stadien vor Bildung des Keimepithels (Spender mit 29–34 Somiten) und b) Stadien mit sichtbar differenziertem Keimepithel (Spender mit 35–41 Somiten). In allen diesen Stadien finden sich bereits Keimzellen in den gonadenbildenden Bezirken. 2. a) In 34% der Fälle (77 histologisch untersuchte Transplantate) hat sich eine Gonade mit spezifischem Geschlechtscharakter differenziert. Stammt das Transplantat aus einem Stadium vor Bildung des Keimepithels, dann entstehen solche Gonaden in 23,9% der Fälle; stammt es aus einem Stadium nach Ausbildung des Keimepithels, dann entstehen Gonaden in 48,4% der Fälle. In einer früheren Mitteilung (Willier 1927) war gezeigt worden, daß, wenn das Geschlechtsleistenstadium erreicht ist, annähernd 100% der Transplantate Gonaden bilden. b) Ein gonadenähnlicher Körper von unbestimmtem Geschlecht entwickelt sich häufig (60%) aus Transplantaten des gonadenbildenden Bezirks, aber nur selten aus Transplantaten des Genitalleistenstadiums. Wurde die Anlage aus Keimen entnommen, die das 31-Somiten-Stadium noch nicht erreicht hatten, so differenzierte sich bisher stets nur dieser Gonadentyp aus. In solchen Körpern sind mehrere Organisationsgrade erkennbar. c) Spezifisch sexuell differenzierte Gonaden, die sich aus gonadenbildendem Bezirk differenzieren, sind kleiner als solche, die sich aus der Genitalleiste differenzieren. Es zeigt sich also, daß, während Sich der gonadenbildende Bezirk in die Genitalleiste umbildet, seine Entwicklungspotenzen sich fortschreitend ändern. Dies wird als ein Indizium dafür betrachtet, daß der gonadenbildende Bezirk während seiner frühen Entwicklung eine Organisationssteigerung erfährt, die schließlich im Genitalleistenstadium den Zustand endgültiger Determination erreicht. 3. In der Mehrzahl der Transplantate der gonadenbildenden Bezirke finden sich Anhäufungen von Keimzellen außerhalb der Gonade im Mesenchym oder in Hohlräumen in ihm. So gelagerte Keimzellen machen wiederholte Teilungen durch, sie zeigen aber keine Tendenz, eine Gonade zu bilden. Wenn zufällig Keimzellen in die Wand desWolffschen oderMüllerschen Ganges eingelagert werden, dann verdickt sich das darüberliegende Coelomepithel zu einer Schicht, die-ein Keimepithel vortäuscht. Jedoch unterbleibt die Einstülpung von Geschlechtssträngen, die ein wesentliches Merkmal der Vogelgonade sind, völlig. Ursprung und Differenzierung des Keimepithels sind im Gegenteil offenbar unabhängig von Urgeschlechtszellen; denn bei Verpflanzung eines ganzen Blastoderms im frühen Somitenstadium, dem die „Keimsichel“ (Swift) exstirpiert worden war, bilden sich sterile Gonaden. 4. Keimzellen, die im Mesenchym liegen, bleiben cytologisch undifferenziert und ähneln Urgeschlechtszellen; wenn sie dagegen in Geschlechtsstränge eingelagert werden, machen sie spezifische Differenzierung durch. Daraus ergibt sich die Schlußfolgerung, daß die Keimzellen in ihrer sexuellen Differenzierung abhängig sind von einer spezifischen geweblichen Umgebung, nämlich den Geschlechtssträngen.
    Notes: Summary 1. This report deals with an analysis by chorio-allantoic grafting of the developmental potentialities of the gonad-forming areas of stages prior to the genital ridge in the chick embryo. The stages tested include a) those prior to the formation of the germinal epithelium (donors having from 29 to 34 somites) and b) those in which a germinal epithelium is visibly differentiated (donors having from 35 to 41 somites). In all of these stages germ-cells are present in the gonadforming areas. 2. a) In 34% of the 77 grafts histologically examined a gonad of specific sex has differentiated. Prior to the origin of the germinal epithelium such a gonad arises in 23.9% of the grafts whereas after its formation in 48.4% of the grafts; according to a former report (Willier '27) when the genital ridge stage is reached it forms in approximately 100% of the grafts. b) A gonad-like body of undetermined sex forms commonly (60%) in the grafts of the gonad-forming area whereas it rarely does so in grafts of the genital ridge. Prior to the 31-somite stage this type of gonad only has thus far formed. Several grades of organization of these bodies are recognized. c) The gonad-forming area yields somewhat frequently multiple gonads whereas a well-defined genital ridge gives as a rule a single gonad. d) The size of the gonad of specific sex which arises from the gonad-forming area is smaller than one from the genital ridge. It is thus evident that a progressive change in the developmental potentialities of the gonad-forming area occurs as it transforms into a genital ridge. This is interpreted as indicating that the gonad-forming area during its initial development exhibits an ascending organization which finally attains at the genital ridge stage a fully “determined” condition. 3. In the majority of the grafts of the gonad-forming area masses of germinal-cells are found external to the gonad in the mesenchyme or spaces within it. In such positions the germ-cells merely undergo repeated multiplication, exhibiting no tendency to form a gonad. If by chance germ-cells come to be situated in the wall of either the Wolffian or Müllerian duct, the overlying coelomic epithelium thickens into a layer simulating a germinal epithelium, yet the essential components of an avian gonad, namely, the sexual cords, fail completely to invaginate. The origin and differentiation of the germinal epithelium, on the contrary, is apparently independent of primordial germ-cells since a sterile gonad forms in grafts of whole blastoderms of early somite stages following the removal of the “germ-cell crescent” ofSwift. 4. Germ-cells in the mesenchyme remain cytologically undifferentiated, like the primordial germ-cells, whereas those which come to be situated in the sexual cords undergo specific differentiation. The conclusion is reached, therefore, that the germ-cell is dependent upon the specific tissue environment of the sexual cord for its sexual differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 55 (1952), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 4 (1942), S. 67-88 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 33 (1924), S. 67-103 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 43 (1954), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 70 (1937), S. 89-112 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 86 (1943), S. 585-590 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 40 (1925), S. 299-340 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The course of digestion of an essentially protein food (beef liver) was followed by histological and histochemical methods in Planaria dorotocephala. After an average fasting period of two weeks, the planarians were fed and examined at close time intervals, ranging from one minute to eighty-seven days after feeding. Liver particles are engulfed by the phagocytic cells of the intestine into food vacuoles, where a series of digestive changes occur. The liver particles coalesce into a granular spherule which gradually condenses into a homogeneous and chromatophilic spherule. As the spherule transforms from a granular to a homogeneous condition, it exhibits a gradually increasing affinity for stains, an intensified protein reaction, and a gradual diminution in size. These spherules are protein, since they give positive xanthoproteic and Millon reactions.The homogeneous protein spherules gradually disappear, beginning at about twelve hours after feeding and continuing until the fifth day. During this period fat-droplets form, gradually increasing at the expense of the protein spherules. The protein spherules apparently dissolve into the cytoplasm, furnishing intermediate chemical compounds (tests indicate that a carbohydrate stage does not intervene) from which fat is synthesized. It thus appears that the fat is formed from the protein spherules. The fat thus formed is stored in the phagocytic cells, and remains unchanged in quantity for a fasting period lasting six weeks, after which it gradually diminishes. During the engulfment of the food, the fat decreases markedly, apparently furnishing energy for phagocytic activities. A few of the protein spherules may persist as «protein reserve».
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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