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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20 (1972), S. 1252-1255 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der Kausalanalyse morphogenetischer Systeme wurde eine für die Herstellung von Mikro-Zeitrafferaufnahmen geeignete Versuchsanordnung (Abb. 1) entwickelt, die innerhalb kleiner, lebender Objekte einen wohldefinierten, stabilen Temperaturgradienten bis zu 80° C/mm erzeugt und aufrechterhält.
    Notes: Summary For causal analysis of morphogenetic systems a device has been developed (Fig. 1) which achieves a well-defined and stable temperature gradient up to 80° C/mm inside small objectsin vivo. The technique requires that the objects are embedded in aqueous agar of 3% (Difco, Detroit/Michigan). By means of an inverted microscope time-lapse cinematography of the objects can be carried out simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 315-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Biomechanics ; Shark teeth ; Preadaptation ; Trajectorial pattern ; Optimal shape ; Ultra structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Oberfläche von Selachierzähnen befindet sich eine dem Schmelz der Säugetiere analoge Schicht, die von Reif erstmals eingehend elektronen-rastermikroskopisch untersucht worden ist. Die mechanische Widerstandsfähigkeit dieser 0,2–0,9 mm dicken Schicht ist größer als diejenige des Dentins. Je nach der Gestalt und der dadurch bestimmten Beanspruchung der Zähne sind verschiedene Formen von “Schmelz” ausgebildet: der allem Anschein nach sehr druckfeste “Einzelkristallitschmelz” der Quetschzähne und der zugfeste “parallelfaserige Schmelz” der Fang- und Schneidezähne. Vielfach kommt daneben noch ein “wirrfaseriger Schmelz” vor, der unter Umständen Zugspannungen aufzunehmen scheint. Fang- und Schneidezähne sind von einer sehr dünnen “Glanzschicht” bedeckt, welche Rißbildung verhindert. Die aus “Einzelkristalliten” aufgebauten Schmelzkappen der Quetschzähne können als flächig unterstützte Schalentragwerke im mechanischen Sinne interpretiert werden. Ihre Festigkeit wird oft durch ein Oberflächenrelief erhöht. Die Lastabtragung innerhalb der Schale und die Feinstruktur des “Schmelzes” werden im Detail diskutiert. Die Gestalt der Elemente scheint jeweils an die mechanische Beanspruchung optimal angepaßt zu sein. Die Fang- und Schneidezähne stellen im mechanischen Sinne dreieckige Konsolen dar. Eine Berechnung der Spannungen in derartigen Konsolen zeigt, daß die tatsächlich vorgefundenen Formen in der Regel “Körper gleicher Festigkeit” gegenüber genau definierbaren Beanspruchungen darstellen. Diese Beanspruchungen sind oft einfache Kombinationen aus Flächen- bzw. Punktlasten. Diese Last-Kombinationen erscheinen vom biologischen Standpunkt aus, bei Berücksichtigung des Wenigen, was wir über das Verhalten von Haien wissen, sinnvoll und wahrscheinlich. Die Anordnung der “Schmelzfasern” an der Oberfläche von Fang- oder Schneidezähnen entspricht dem Verlauf von Spannungs-Trajektorien in einem homogenen Zahnmodell unter Beanspruchungen, wie sie von den obengenannten Lasten hervorgerufen werden. Die Fasermuster sind um so deutlicher ausgeprägt, je höher die Spannungen im jeweiligen Teil des Zahnes sind. Manche der bei bestimmten Belastungen zu erwartenden Trajektorienmuster sind in Haifischzähnen nach unseren bisherigen Kenntnissen nicht in Form von Fasermustern realisiert. Es wird unterstellt, daß diese theoretisch möglichen Belastungen bei den untersuchten Tieren während des Lebens nicht auftreten. Aus den Befunden wird gefolgert, daß hier, d.h. auch bei Zähnen und auch bei primitiven Vertebraten der gleiche enge Zusammenhang zwischen Form und Funktion besteht, wie er am postcranialen Skelet von Säugetieren mehrfach nachgewiesen worden its. Es kann sich angesichts der Funktionsweise von Haifischzähnen nur um eine “Präadaptation” handeln.
    Notes: Summary The surface of selachian teeth is covered by a 0.2–0.9 mm layer which is analogous to the enamel in mammals. The first detailed study on this material with the aid of a scanning electron microscope was made by Reif (1973b). The mechanical resistance of this tissue is greater than that of dentine. Various forms of “enamel-like tissue” do occur. They obviously are correlated with the shape of a tooth and the stresses to which it may be subject: The “single-crystallite enamel” covers the crushing teeth, it is apparently resistant against compressive stresses. The “parallel-fibred enamel” of fangs and cutting teeth is resistant to tensile stresses. Underneath it, there is a “fibrous enamel”, the fibres of which are randomly orientated in space. This tissue seems to be resistant against compression. Fangs as well as cutting teeth are covered by a “shiny layer” which excludes the occurrence of fissures in the “parallel fibred enamel”. The “single-crystallite enamel”-caps on crushing teeth can be considered as “shell-constructions” in a mechanical sence. Their resistance often is increased by a surface relief. The distribution of stresses within the “shell” and the structure of the “enamel” are discussed in detail. The shapes of the elements seem to be optimally adapted to the stresses that may occur. Fangs and cutting teeth are in a mechanical sence triangular consoles. The calculation of the stresses which occur under a number of external forces shows that the real shapes are normally bodies of uniform strength against accurately defined loads. The points or areas of application as well as the directions of the latter correspond to special shapes. In view of the few informations available about biting behaviour in sharks, the considered loads seem to be quite reasonable representations of the forces to which a shark's teeth are exposed. The positions and orientation of the enamel-fibres on fangs and cutting teeth are in perfect accordance with the pattern of trajectories in a homogeneous tooth model under stresses equal to those evoked by the above-mentioned loads. The fibre pattern is the clearer developed, the greater the stresses at a special point are. Some particular trajectorial patterns, which would appear under certain conditions, are not realised as far as we know today. We assume, that these theoretically possible variations of loading do not occur in the investigated forms, because the animals do not bite this way. According to our observations, in teeth as well as in primitive vertebrates, the same close relationship between shape and function seems to exist, as has been found repeatedly in the postcranial skeleton of mammals. In view of the way of exchange of shark teeth it can only be a case of “preadaptation”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Hyperbilirubinaemia ; Neonates ; Bayley Scales of Infant Development ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study concentrates on estimating the magnitude of the effect of a single risk factor, maximum total serum bilirubin (TSB) in excess of 400 μmol/l (23.4 mg/dl), on the neurodevelopmental outcome of 50, singleton, Zimbabwean neonates at 1 year of age. At 1 year corrected age the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) was administered. Two infants died and five were lost to follow up. TSB was neither associated with birth weight nor with gestational age. Of 43 infants with a TSB 〉400 μmol/l (23.4 mg/dl),11(26%) scored abnormal on the BSID at 1 year of age and 5 (12%) infants developed the choreo-athetoid type of cerebral palsy. Conclusion Infants with bilirubin levels between 400 and 500 μmol/l (23.4 and 29.2 mg/dl) who scored abnormal or suspect on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were preterm or had haemolytic disease. All term infants without haemolysis and with bilirubin levels between 400 and 500 μmol/l (23.4 mg/dl–29.2 mg/dl) were normal at 1 year of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 803-807 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Hyperbilirubinaemia ; Neonates ; Zimbabwe ; Neurodevelopmental outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As part of a prospective study of severely jaundiced Zimbabwean infants, the relationship between maximum total serum bilirubin (TSB) concentration in the neonatal period and neurodevelopmental outcome at the corrected age of 4 months was studied. Fifty infants with a TSB of 〉400 μmol/l (23.4 mg/dl) were enrolled and screened with a neonatal neurological examination (NNE). The cause of jaundice was low birth weight in 22 (44%), ABO incomptability in 8 (16%), sepsis in 8 (16%) and congenital syphilis (6%) in 3 infants. In 9 infants a cause could not be determined. At 4 months, 2 infants had died and 3 were lost to follow up, leaving 45 infants for the infant motor screen (IMS) at 4 months of age. Mean TSB in the neonatal period was 485 μmol/l (28.2 mg/dl), and 7 infants received an exchange transfusion. Mean TSB of the infants with an exchange transfusion was 637 μmol/l (37.2 mg/dl) (range 429–865 μmol/l (25–50.3 mg/dl)) and of the infants without transfusion 459 μmol/l (26.8 mg/dl) (range 400–740 μmol/l (23.4–43 mg/dl)) (P 〈 0.0001). The TSB was not associated with birth weight, gestational age, gender or head circumference of the baby. On the IMS, 6 of 45 (13.3%) infants scored abnormal, 6 (13.3%) suspect and 33 (73%) scored normal. Three of the six (50%) remaining infants who received an exchange transfusion scored abnormal on the IMS while only 3 of the 39 (8%) infants without exchange transfusion were abnormal. Conclusion More than 25% of infants with a TSB of 〉400 μmol/l (23.4 mg/dl) scored abnormal or suspect at 4 months of age and half of these infants already showed irreversible neurological symptoms. All infants who scored abnormal or suspect on the IMS with bilirubin levels between 400 and 500 μmol/l (23.4 and 29.2 mg/dl) had haemolytic disease or were premature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Brain activity is associated with physiological changes, which alter the optical properties of the tissue in the near-infrared part of the spectrum. Two major types of optical signals following functional brain activation can be distinguished: a slow signal due to hemodynamic changes and a fast signal, which is directly related to neuronal activity. The fast signal is small and therefore difficult to detect. We used a specially noise-optimized frequency-domain near-infrared spectrometer with a π-sensor, which was expected to be particularly sensitive to deeper tissue layers, to investigate the human visual cortex during visual stimulation generated by a checkerboard. We were able to detect significant fast signals in single light bundles, but not in π-signals. The fast signals were mostly collocated with strong slow hemodynamic signals, but showed a higher degree of localization than the latter. The latencies of 40±16 ms of the fast signals were similar between locations. Our results also indicate that the brain responds differently to a single and double (forth and back) reversal of the checkerboard, with a stronger reaction upon the double reversal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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