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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Norepinephrine infusion ; NEFA ; free glycerol ; lipolysis ; NEFA/glycerol ratio ; blood glucose ; ketone body metabolism ; obesity ; diabetes ; β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio ; insulin-like activity ; immunoreactive insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les actions de la noradrénaline infusée par voie intraveineuse à une dose de 0.08 μg/kg/min ont été explorées chez des sujets obèses et de poids normal, diabétiques et non diabétiques. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés: La lipolyse, mesurée par l'accroissement du glycérol libre et des acides gras plasmatiques non estérifiés (NEFA), l'élévation de la concentration sanguine des corps cétoniques et les concentrations plasmatiques de l'insuline immunoréactive (IRI) et de l'activité insulinique (ILA). Les sujets de poids normal, diabétiques et non diabétiques ont montré le même accroissement de la lipolyse. —Un accroissement de la lipolyse significativement plus élevé a été observé chez des sujets obèses, diabétiques et non diabétiques. Même pendant l'infusion les concentrations absolues du glycérol libre et des NEFA ont été plus élevées chez les sujets obèses que chez les diabétiques insulino-dépendants qui présentèrent les valeurs de départ les plus hautes. Les sujets obèses ont eu une lipolyse plus grande même lorsque la noradrénaline a été infusée à une dose proportionnelle au poids normal théorique. La cause en est probablement la plus grande quantité de tissu adipeux des sujets obèses. —Chez les obèses diabétiques et non-diabétiques, la concentration des corps cétoniques était plus élevée que chez les sujets de contrôle, ce qui est en accord avec la lipolyse augmentée chez les obèses. Les diabétiques de poids normal insulino-dépendants ont présenté cependant une élévation des corps cétoniques significativement plus forte que les obèses. — Ceci indique que chez l'homme la cétonémie ne dépend pas seulement des acides gras plasmatiques non estérifiés (NEFA). — L'accroissement plus fort du quotientβ-hydroxybutyrate/ acétoacétate chez les diabétiques insulino-dépendants suggère une oxydation plus grande des NEFA dans le foie. ILA et IRI ont réagi d'une manière différente à la noradrénaline. Ceci démontre de nouveau qu'un changement d'ILA peut indiquer un changement d'IRI, mais pas nécessairement. — Ces données suggèrent que le métabolisme des acides gras et des corps cétoniques du diabétique obèse est déterminé par l'élément «obésité», celui du diabétique dépendant de l'insuline par l'élément «manque d'insuline».
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung einer intravenösen Infusion von 0.08 μg/kg/min Noradrenalin auf die Lipolyse (gemessen am Anstieg des freien Glycerins und der unveresterten Fettsäuren (NEFA)), auf die Ketonkörper-konzentration im Blut und die Serumkonzentration des immunreaktiven Insulins (IRI) und der insulinähnlichen Aktivität (ILA) wurden bei normalgewichtigen und übergewichtigen Diabetikern und Nichtdiabetikern untersucht. — Normalgewichtige Diabetiker und Nichtdiabetiker zeigten die gleiche Lipolysesteigerung. Eine signifikant stärkere Lipolysesteigerung wurde bei den übergewichtigen Gruppen, sowohl bei Diabetikern, als auch bei Nichtdiabetikern, beobachtet. —Auch die absoluten Konzentrationen von freiem Glycerin und NEFA waren bei den fettsüchtigen Personen während der Infusion höher als bei den Insulinmangeldiabetikern, die die höchsten Ausgangswerte aufwiesen. Bei Fettsüchtigen wurde eine stärkere Lipolyse auch beobachtet, wenn Noradrenalin, auf kg theoretisches Normalgewicht dosiert, infundiert wurde. Als Ursache wird die größere Fettgewebsmasse der Adipösen angesehen. Bei fettsüchtigen Diabetikern und Nichtdiabetikern stieg die Ketonkörperkonzentration entsprechend der stärkeren Lipolyse stärker an als bei den Kontrollen. Die normalgewichtigen Insulmmangeldiabetiker zeigten jedoch einen signifikant höheren Ketonkörperanstieg als die Fettsüchtigen. Dies zeigt, daß beim Menschen die Ketonämie nicht allein von den peripheren NEFA-Spiegeln abhängt. Der höhere Anstieg desβ- Hydroxybutyrat/Acetoacetat Quotienten der Insulinmangeldiabetiker weist auf eine gesteigerte Fettsäureoxydation in der Leber hin. —ILA und IRI reagierten auf Noradrenalin in unterschiedlicher Weise. Dadurch wird wiederum demonstriert, daß ILA-Änderungen Änderungen der IRI bedeuten können, aber nicht müssen. 3-Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen scheint für den Fettsäure- und Ketonkörperstoffwechsel des Altersdiabetes der Faktor Übergewicht, für den des normalgewich-tigen Insulinmangeldiabetikers der Faktor Insulinmangel bestimmend zu sein.
    Notes: Summary The effects of an intravenous infusion of norepinephrine, 0.08 μg/kg.min on lipolysis (as measured by an increase of free glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)), on the blood concentration of ketone bodies and on the serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and insulin-like activity (ILA) were studied in normal weight and obese nondiabetics and diabetics. Normal weight diabetics and nondiabetics showed the same increase in lipolysis. A significantly higher rate of lipolysis occurred in obese persons, irrespective of whether they were diabetic or not. Even the maximum absolute concentrations of free glycerol and NEFA during the infusion were higher in obese persons than in insulindependent diabetics, who showed the highest values before the beginning of the infusion. — In obese subjects, the infusion of norepinephrine according to the theoretical normal weight was still sufficient to produce a higher rate of lipolysis than in normal weight subjects. This probably reflects the greater mass of adipose tissue in obese subjects. — In diabetic and nondiabetic obese persons, the concentration of ketone bodies rose higher than in control subjects, which is in agreement with the higher rate of lipolysis in the obese groups. On the other hand, the normal weight insulin-dependent diabetics showed a significantly higher increase in the concentration of ketone bodies than the obese persons. This demonstrates that the degree of ketonaemia in man is not exclusively determined by the plasma level of NEFA. — The higher increase in theβ-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio in insulindependent diabetics points to a higher rate of oxidation of fatty acids in the liver. —ILA and IRI responded in a different way to norepinephrine infusion, demonstrating again, that changes in ILA can, but may not always reflect changes in immunoreactive insulin. According to these results, changes in the rate of lipolysis and in ketonaemia in obese diabetics are determined by the factor “obesity”, whereas changes in these parameters in insulindependent diabetics are determined by the factor “insulin deficiency”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 253-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mesofauna ; Microbial biomass ; Litterbag ; Beech forest ; Moder ; Lime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In December 1988, litterbags (mesh size 45 or 1000 μm) were exposed in the organic layer of a limed and unlimed moder soil under beech forest in the Solling area (Germany). At both sites, substrata from the L1, L2, F1, F2 and from the H Layer were sampled shortly before the beginning of the experiment, defaunated, filled separately into litterbags and replaced in the respective horizons in the field. Litterbags were retrieved on three sampling dates (May, September, and November 1989). The soil microbial biomass was estimated by means of the fumigation extraction method. The results show that the effects of excluding mesofauna from the 45-μm litterbags were different in different horizons, on different sampling dates and in different study sites. Calculation of the “average” effect from the three sampling dates revealed that mesofauna exclusion reduced the microbial biomass C at both sites. It was concluded from horizon- and season-specific differences between the two litterbag treatments that a depression in microbial biomass C in the organic layer of a moder soil by mesofaunal grazers is confined to situations where environmental conditions cause strong feeding pressure and when the microflora is exposed to environmental stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Mesofauna ; Decomposition ; Beech forest ; Calcareous soil ; Litterbag ; 14C-labelled beech leaf litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of simulated acid rain on litter decomposition in a calcareous soil (pHH 2 O 5.8) were studied. Litterbags (45 μm and 1 mm mesh size) containing freshly fallen beech leaf litter were exposed to different concentrations of acid in a beech forest on limestone (Göttinger Wald. Germany) for 1 year. Loss of C, the ash content, and CO2−C production were measured at the end of the experiment. Further tests measured the ability of the litter-colonizing microflora to metabolize 14C-labelled beech leaf litter and hyphae. The simulated acid rain strongly reduced CO2−C and 14CO2−C production in the litter. This depression in production was very strong when the input of protons was 1.5 times greater than the normal acid deposition, but comparatively low when the input was 32 times greater. acid deposition may thus cause a very strong accumulation of primary and secondary C compounds in the litter layer of base-rich soils, even with a moderate increase in proton input. The presence of mesofauna significantly reduced the ability of the acid rain to inhibit C mineralization. The ash content to the 1-mm litterbags indicated that this was largely due to transport of base-rich mineral soil into the litter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 301-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mesofauna ; Amino sugar ; Soil micro-flora ; Beech forest ; Moder ; Lime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In December 1988, litter bags (mesh size: 45 and 1000 μm) were exposed in the organic layer of unlimed and limed moder soil under beech forest in the Solling area of Germany. Bags were retrieved on three sampling dates (May, September, and November 1989) and amounts (g m-2) of glucosamine and galactosamine were determined. Horizon-specific differences generally explained by far the largest part of the treatment variance. In the substrate sampled in December 1988 from the unlimed area glucosamine increased by a factor of 11.8 from the L 1 layer to the H layer and galactosamine by a factor of 15.9. With the exception of the F2 layer, the hexosamine amounts found in the limed substrate sampled in December 1988 were higher in all horizons than in the corresponding horizons sampled from the unlimed area. Exclusion of mesofauna from the 45-μm litter bags generally reduced the level of amino sugars at both sites. The difference between the two mesh sizes was most pronounced in the lowermost horizons (F2 and H) and quite small in the upper horizons. The exclusion of mesofauna significantly increased the glucosamine: galactosamine ratio in the two L layers of the unlimed soil on all sampling dates. Seasonal fluctuations suggested that the actual amino sugar content of the organic layer was essentially the function of two components, the first reflecting long-term accumulation of microbial metabo-lites, and the second reflecting short term fluctuations in the microbial colonization of various C sources together with spatial and temporal differences in the ability of the microflora to produce and to decompose hexosamines. The results of this study show that the mesofauna in the beech forest soils investigated significantly affected both the amino sugar components measured, and thus stimulated the accumulation of one of the most important N pools in forest soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Biomass C:N ratio Acidification ; Beech forest ; Soil organic C ; Total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soils from 38 German forest sites, dominated by beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were sampled to a depth of about 10 cm after careful removal of overlying organic layers. Microbial biomass N and C were measured by fumigation-extraction. The pH of the soils varied between 3.5 and 8.3, covering a wide range of cation exchange capacity, organic C, total N, and soil C:N values. Maximum biomass C and biomass N contents were 2116 μg C m-2 and 347 μg N m-2, while minimum contents were 317 and 30 μg m-2, respectively. Microbial biomass N and C were closely correlated. Large variations in microbial biomass C:N ratios were observed (between 5.4 and 17.3, mean 7.7), indicating that no simple relationship exists between these two parameters. The frequency distribution of the parameters for C and N availability to the microflora divided the soils into two subgroups (with the exception of one soil): (1) microbial: organic C〉12 mg g-1, microbial:total N〉28 mg g-1 (n=23), a group with high C and N availability, and (2) microbial:organic C≤12 mg g-1, microbial:total N≦28 mg g-1 (n=14), a group with low C and N availability. With the exception of a periodically waterlogged soil, the pH of all soils belonging to subgroup 2 was below 5.0 and the soil C:N ratios were comparatively high. Within these two subgroups no significant correlation between the microbial C:N ratio and soil pH or any other parameter measured was found. The data suggest that above a certain threshold (pH 5.0) microbial C:N values vary within a very small range over a wide range of pH values. Below this threshold, in contrast, the range of microbial C:N values becomes very large.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-2516
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Many haemophilia patients were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in childhood after transfusion with inadequately or non-virus inactivated clotting factor products. Limited information is available on the clinical course of HCV infection in children. To assess the clinical consequences of hepatitis C in these young patients we performed a pilot study of 31 patients with haemophilia, infected with HCV before the age of 13. Current median age was 20 years. Nineteen (61%) patients had chronic hepatitis C, whereas the remaining 12 patients spontaneously cleared HCV. The median duration of infection was 17 years. Among patients chronically infected with HCV, an enlarged liver and/or spleen on ultrasound was present in 59%, whereas 63% had abnormal aminotransferases and/or γ-GT values. In conclusion, 39% of the patients infected in childhood cleared HCV spontaneously. The majority of the patients with chronic hepatitis C had ultrasound and/or laboratory abnormalities and these findings may be associated with the presence of chronic liver disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25 (1993), S. 1273-1276 
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Soil fauna ; Litter decomposition ; Litter fragmentation ; Bioturbation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of simulated acid rain on the decomposition of C-14-labelled beech leaf litter (4 months old), and the modification of this effect by litter fragmentation by the millipede Glomeris marginata (Villers) and by the burrowing activity of two earthworm species [Lumbricus castaneus (Savigny) and Octolasion lacteum (Örley)], was studied in laboratory experiments over a period of 168 days. The acid rain caused a strong decrease in C mineralization of intact beech leaf litter situated on the surface of the carbonate-rich mineral soil (to 0.43 of control), whereas CO2 production by the systems was increased (up to 1.12 times the control level). In general, the activity of the decomposer macrofauna buffered the effects of the acidity. Litter fragmentation by G. marginata reduced the effect of acid precipitation on litter decomposition by almost 50%. The burrowing activity of L. castaneus and O. lacteum led to contact between the intact leaf litter and the mineral soil, which buffered the effect of the acid precipitation on litter decomposition by 82% and 65%, respectively. The epigeic earthworm species L. castaneus, by feeding on and removing the faecal pellets of G. marginata from the soil surface, almost totally buffered the effect of the acid rain on pellet decomposition. The activity of the endogeic earthworm species O. lacteum in feeding on Glomeris faecal pellets and mixing them with mineral soil also buffered the effect of the acid rain. However, this effect appeared to be restricted to the first 5 weeks. In total, by mixing fragmented litter with mineral soil, O. lacteum stabilized organic matter in the mineral soil horizon. This stabilization effect was assumed to be independent of the simulated acid precipitation. In addition, the activity of O. lacteum compensated for the increased CO2 production induced by the acid rain. An intact soil faunal community is therefore considered to be a key component in the buffering characteristic of beechwood mull soils.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil organic matter ; Soil macrofauna ; Faeces ; Soil microflora ; Carbon mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The control of soil organic matter (SOM) stability by soil invertebrates is evaluated in terms of their impact on the inherent recalcitrance, accessibility to microorganisms, and interaction with stabilizing substances of organic compounds. Present knowledge on internal (ingestion and associated transformations) and external (defecation, constructions) control mechanisms of soil invertebrates is also reviewed. Soil animals contribute to the stabilization and destabilization of SOM by simultaneously affecting chemical, physical, and microbial processes over several orders of magnitude. A very important aspect of this is that invertebrates at higher trophic levels create feedback mechanisms that modify the spatio-temporal framework in which the micro-food web affects SOM stability. Quantification of non-trophic and indirect effects is thus essential in order to understand the long-term effects of soil biota on SOM turnover. It is hypothesized that the activities of invertebrates which lead to an increase in SOM stability partly evolved as an adaptation to the need for increasing the suitability of their soil habitat. Several gaps in knowledge are identified: food selection and associated changes in C pools, differential effects on SOM turnover, specific associations with microorganisms, effects on dissolution and desorption reactions, humus-forming and humus-degrading processes in gut and faeces, and the modification of invertebrate effects by environmental variables. Future studies must not be confined merely to a mechanistic analysis of invertebrate control of SOM stability, but also pay considerable attention to the functional and evolutionary aspects of animal diversity in soil. This alone will allow an integration of biological expertise in order to develop new strategies of soil management which can be applied under a variety of environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 80 (1989), S. 405-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elaterid larvae ; Beech litter decomposition ; Soil microflora ; Carbon turnover ; Lime amelioration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Data are presented on the influence of Athous subfuscus larvae (Coleoptera, Elateridae) on the microbial carbon cycle in the biotically most active horizons of three contrasting beech forest soils: the Ah horizon of a mull soil on limestone (Göttinger Wald, FRG), the F/H horizon of a moder soil on new red sandstone (Solling area, FRG) and in the F/H horizon of a lime ameliorated area close to the second site. Gut content analyses demonstrated that the larvae of A. subfuscus are humiphagous and that this unspecific feeding behaviour is widely independent of soil conditions. Differences in 14C incorporation demonstrated that only the larvae in the F/H horizon of the limed moder soil directly affected primary decomposer organisms. However, the burrowing activity of the larvae in the topsoil indirectly modified the time course of beech leaf-litter decomposition in the litter layer of all three soils. The microflora of the mull soil contained 2.6%, that of the moder soil 0.7% and that of the limed moder soil 2.2% of total C. The metabolic quotient (qCO2, 10°C) of the soil microflora was 0.0010 (mgCO2-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) in the mull soil, 0.0034 in the moder soil and 0.0012 in the limed moder soil. The A. subfuscus larvae generally reduced the size of the microbial C pool (〈-30%) and increased the metabolic quotient of the microflora (〉+50%). Considering these soil-independent effects of A. subfuscus on the C turnover of the soil microflora, the burrowing activity of humiphagous soil arthropods may generally increase nutrient availability to primary producers. The results of this study reveal that some of the micro- and mesoscale effects of humiphagous arthropods on the microbial carbon turnover in beech forest soils are surprisingly similar, even under very different soil conditions. The long-term modification of the time course of leaf litter decomposition, in contrast, indicates that the influence of humiphagous arthropods on the formation of the humus layer is soil-specific. There are profound differences in the role of humiphagous arthropods in limed moder soils and in naturally base-rich soils. It is concluded that liming increases competition within the microfloral population due to accelerated humification. The negative effect of A. subfuscus on 14C mineralization in the limed substrate could thus be explained by its effects on a microflora that was strongly limited by the availability of carbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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