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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 195-199 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Scopolamine cue ; Muscarinic agonists ; Muscarinic antagonists ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The discriminative stimulus properties of scopolamine, a potent antagonist at muscarinic receptors, were used for testing the discriminative effects of drugs known to act on cholinergic transmission. Rats were trained in a standard two-bar operant conditioning procedure with food as the reinforcer, according to a FR10 schedule. The training dose of scopolamine was progressively reduced from 0.25 mg/kg SC to the low dose of 0.062 mg/kg SC. Scopolarmine yielded an accurate discrimination in all the six rats tested. The generalization gradient resulted in an ED50 of 0.027 mg/kg. The scopolamine cue lasted for 1 h and was of central origin, since it was not mimicked by scopolamine methylbromide. The scopolamine stimulus generalized to atropine and trihexyphenidyl (respective ED50 values 2.20 and 0.21 mg/kg SC). Atropine depressed rate of responding, while trihexyphenidyl did not. Antagonism experiments with both direct agonists at the muscarinic receptor (arecoline and oxotremorine) and indirect agonists, i.e., inhibitors of the acetylcholine esterase [physostigmine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA)], led to inconsistent results. Increasing the doses of the agonists in order to block the scopolamine cue may be limited by their rate suppressant effect on responding. Based upon previously published results, it is suggested that the muscarinic agonist cue is more useful than the antagonist cue for investigating muscarinic transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Social memory ; Cholinomimetic drugs ; Nootropic drugs ; Benzodiazepine inverse agonists ; Psychostimulants ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The recognition of an unfamiliar juvenile rat by an adult rat has been shown to imply short-term memory processes. In this study the effect of various psychotropic drugs on this investigatory behaviour was examined. The procedure was as follows: an unfamiliar juvenile rat was placed in the home cage of an adult rat for 5 min. The time spent by the adult rat in investigating the juvenile was recorded. The adult rat was then immediately treated with vehicle or test compounds, and was again exposed for 5 min to the same juvenile 2 h later. At this time point vehicle-treated rats no longer recognized the juvenile rat, i.e. the time of investigation was similar to that observed during the first presentation. Arecoline (1 and 3 mg/kg IP), physostigmine (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg SC), RS86 (0.5 mg/IP) and nicotine (0.125 and 0.5 mg/kg IP) reduced in a dose-dependent fashion the time spent in investigating the juvenile during the second exposure. This result cannot be attributed to nonspecific effects, since it was not observed when a different juvenile was used for the second exposure. The effect of arecoline was reversed by scopolamine, but not by methylscopolamine. Aniracetam reduced investigatory behaviour at the dose of 50 mg/kg IP. FG 7142 (5 mg/kg IP) and β-CCM (0.4 mg/kg IP) were also active and their effect was reversed by Ro 15-1788. dl-Amphetamine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg IP), nomifensine (1.25–10 mg/kg IP) and strychnine (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg IP) were ineffective or reduced this behaviour unspecifically. Social recognition may therefore represent a useful and simple test to detect compounds which enhance short-term, olfactory, memory and to assess in the same animals the specificity of this activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 286-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: IP pirenzepine ; Passive avoidance ; Brain penetration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract When injected IP, the M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine dose-dependently induced a deficit in passive avoidance learning in rats. This activity was optimal at 75 mg/kg injected 1 h before the acquisition session. The deficit induced by pirenzepine was antagonized by oxotremorine (0.03–0.3 mg/kg SC) and physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg SC), but not neostigmine. By comparison, under the same experimental conditions, physostigmine and oxotremorine also antagonized the deficit induced by an equipotent dose of scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg IP), although the activity of physostigmine appeared stronger against scopolamine than against pirenzepine. These results suggest that pirenzepine could produce a centrally-mediated behavioural disruption when injected systemically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 303 (1978), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Apomorphine dipivaloyl ester ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Brain dopamine metabolism ; Subsensitivity ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acute and repeated treatments with the dipivaloyl ester of apomorphine on behaviour and brain dopamine metabolism were compared in rats. A single injection of the ester (50 mg/kg i.p.) induced a stereotyped behaviour lasting for at least 6h and a concomitant decrease in striatal HVA levels. After repeated treatment (twice daily for 7 days) with the drug, both the stereotyped behaviour and the decreases in striatal HVA levels were attenuated as compared to acute treatment; the minimal dose tested which induced this tolerance was found to be 25 mg/kg i.p. The minimal length of treatment with 50 mg/kg of the ester after which tolerance was observed was 3–4 days. The ED50 for haloperidol-induced catalepsy was about 4 times lower in rats treated with apomorphine dipivaloyl ester (50 mg/kg) for 7 days than in naive rats. Similarly, a shift to the left of the haloperidol doseresponse curve for the increase in striatal dopamine metabolite levels was observed in rats treated subacutely with the ester as compared to control rats. Repeated treatment (7 days) with the dipivaloyl ester of apomorphine also attenuated the decrease in NVA levels seen with acute treatment in nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium; however, the threshold dose inducing tolerance in limbic regions was higher than in striatum. No difference in the brain concentrations of apomorphine was found after acute and repeated treatments with the ester. Thus, the present study provides evidence for the development of subsensitivity of dopamine receptors after repeated administration of apomorphine dipivaloyl ester.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 311 (1980), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: GABA mimetics ; GABA antagonists ; Dopamine receptor function ; Extrapyramidal system ; GABA receptors ; Neuroleptics ; Catalepsy ; Apomorphine stereotypies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At very low doses the GABA agonists SL 76002 and muscimol diminish haloperidol-induced catalepsy. At somewhat higher doses these compounds potentiate catalepsy. Biphasic effects on DA-receptor mediated functions have previously been noted with bicuculline and picrotoxinin. In contrast, manipulation of GABA levels by enzyme inhibition induced only a monophasic effect on dopamine-mediated behaviour. The potentiation of GABA levels by enzyme inhibition induced only a monophasic effect on dopamine-mediated behaviour. The potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by GABA mimetics is also observed with dipropylacetate, delta-aminovaleric acid and gamma-acetylenic GABA. This GABA-mimetic potentiation of catakepsy was blocked by the coadministration of bicuculline. These results confirm and extend the hypothesis that GABA-neurons influence DA neuron function. Furthermore they suggest that more than one group of GABA receptors influence directly and/or indirectly DA neuronal function, with different resultant effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 489-493 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pirenzepine ; Striatum ; Turning behaviour ; M1 muscarinic receptors ; Cholinomimetic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the behavioural effect of selective blockade of M1 muscarinic receptors in the forebrain, and to characterize a new model for the evaluation of muscarinic agonistic activity, the effect of intrastriatally injected pirenzepine was studied in mice. The direct injection of pirenzepine (0.01–1 μg/mouse) into the right striatum of conscious mice resulted in contralateral turning behaviour. When injected intraperitoneally (IP) 15 min before pirenzepine (1 μg), the muscarinic receptor agonists arecoline and pilocarpine (0.3–3 mg/kg), oxotremorine (0.003–0.03 mg/kg) and RS 86 (0.03–1 mg/kg) antagonized pirenzepine-induced turning, as did the choline-esterase inhibitor physostigmine (0.01–0.1 mg/kg) and the nootropic drug aniracetam (10–30 mg/kg). Haloperidol (0.03–0.3 mg/kg IP) weakly, but significantly, decreased the effect of pirenzepine, whereas (±) sulpiride (3–100 mg/kg) failed to affect it. Finally, (+)-amphetamine (0.1–3 mg/kg IP), citalopram (1–30 mg/kg IP) and muscimol (0.03–0.3 mg/kg IP) failed to modify pirenzepine-induced turning when administered prior to intrastriatal pirenzepine. These results suggest an involvement of M1 muscarinic receptors in rotational behaviour, and indicate that pirenzepine-induced turning may represent a new model for studying the central activity of cholinomimetic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 553-555 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Physostigmine ; M1 receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate 0.10 mg/kg SC physostigmine from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced task. There was generalization to the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor THA as well as to the muscarinic receptor agonists arecoline, oxotremorine and RS 86, but not to neostigmine or nicotine. The physostigmine cue was blocked by SC scopolamine hydrobromide and by ICV pirenzepine, but not by scopolamine methylbromide or by mecamylamine. These antagonism studies suggest that the discriminative cue elicited by physostigmine might be mainly mediated by central M1 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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