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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 12 (1973), S. 2868-2873 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Voltage-sensitive dye ; abdominal ganglion ; buccal ganglion ; neuronal activity ; gill-withdrawal reflex ; Aplysia ; Navanax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Optical methods for monitoring neuron activity were developed because these methods lend themselves to simultaneous multiple-site measurements. With the use of new voltage-sensitive dyes, the dye-related pharmacology and photodynamic damage appear to be relatively unimportant. Using multiple-site measurements made with a 124-element photodiode array, we estimated that approximately 30 of the 200 neurons present in theNavanax buccal ganglion make action potentials during feeding and that approximately 300 of the 1100 neurons present in theNavanax buccal ganglion make are active during the gill-withdrawal reflex. The fact that a light mechanical touch to the siphon skin activated such a large number of neurons in the abdominal ganglion suggests that understanding the neuronal basis of the gill-withdrawal reflex and its behavioral plasticity may be forbiddingly difficult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Dentate nucleus ; Cerebellar cortex ; GAD ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. Small cortical injections of anti-GAD antibody produced labeled stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells and their processes at the injection site. Anterograde transport of GAD antigen-antibody complexes in Purkinje cell axons caused intense labeling of terminals in deep cerebellar and several vestibular nuclei. Small groups of mossy fiber rosettes labeled and produced retrograde labeling and GAD immunoreactivity in a small number of pleomorphic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the dentate nucleus produced retrograde labeling in Purkinje cell bodies and anterograde label in a small number of mossy fiber rosettes. All projections conformed to previously reported topographic distributions of corticonuclear and nucleocortical cerebellar pathways. These findings confirm the GABA content of most Purkinje cell-deep nuclei connections and provide new evidence for a GABA component in part of the nucleocortical pathway in the cerebellum. Immunocytochemical controls for specificity were conducted by injections of preimmune rabbit serum as a substitute for GAD antibody. Only nonspecific labeling was obtained in these cases. Colchicine caused a cumulative enhancement of GAD immunoreactivity in all cases. The present studies indicate that the method of in vivo antibody injections can be utilized to study chemically specific connections in nervous tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Reactive astrogliosis ; Portocaval anastomotic encephalopathy ; Puncture wound ; Compensatory and decompensatory phases of Alzheimer II gliosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was designed to compare the degree of reactive astrogliosis occurring around a puncture wound in the brain of normal rats and at different intervals after a similar puncture wound in rats with a portocaval anastomosis. The gliosis was evaluated by the number of astrocytes, the thickness of their processes and the intensity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. After the puncture wound in the brain of rats with a portocaval anastomosis, the gliosis varied at different intervals being: (1) decreased at 10 days, (2) markedly increased at 5 weeks and (3) significantly decreased at 8, 12, and 16 weeks. These findings suggest that 5 weeks after portocaval anastomosis, an active proliferation of the metabolically altered astrocytes occurs with heightened synthesis of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the period of adaptive compensation, the so-called compensatory ‘rebound’. At 8 weeks or more after portocaval anastomosis, these altered astrocytes were considered to be in the phase of decompensation and incapable of maintaining the reactive response which occurred in normal rats. The compensatory rebound and decompensatory ‘decline’ illustrate the dynamic plasticity of the reactive astrogliosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 8 (1992), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cultivation of Brevibacterium divaricatum for glutamic acid production in an airlift reactor with net draft tube was developed. Cell concentration gave an index for adding penicillin G. On-line estimation of total sugar concentration yielded an identified model which was used for determination of the substrate addition. Fermentation for glutamic acid production requires high oxygen concentration in the broth. The proposed reactor has the capability to provide sufficient oxygen for the fermentation. Since the reactor is suitable for fed-batch culture, the cultivation of B. divaricatum for glutamic acid production in the proposed reactor is successfully carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA ; Catecholamine ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coexistence of immunoreactivities for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was revealed in various brain regions in colchicine-injected and untreated rats, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Consecutive 40 μm thick Vibratome sections were incubated in different antisera and those cells which were bisected by the plane of sectioning so as to be included at the paired surfaces of two adjacent sections were identified. The coexistence of the immunoreactivities for TH and GAD or GABA in the same cell could thus be determined by observing the immunoreactivity of the two halves of the cell incubated in two different antisera. In the olfactory bulb, retina, diencephalon, mesencephalic central grey and cerebral cortex, many TH-like immunoreactive neurons also showed GAD-like or GABA-like immunoreactivity, whereas in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and locus ceruleus none of TH-like immunoreactive neurons showed either GAD-like or GABA-like immunoreactivity. In the olfactory bulb, retina and cerebral cortex, the majority of the TH-like immunoreactive neurons were also GAD-like or GABA-like immunoreactive. In the diencephalon of colchicine-injected rats, at least one-third of the TH-like immunoreactive neurons were GAD-like immunoreactive. Using serial 0.5 μm thick plasticembedded sections, it was shown that immunoreactivities for three antigens, GAD, GABA and TH could occur in the same neurons in the olfactory bulb. These observations indicate the possible coexistence of two classical transmitters, GABA and catecholamine, in various brain regions of the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 656 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food processing and preservation 14 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-4549
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reconstitution and interchange studies of gluten, starch, and water soluble fractions from no- and 5-h fermentation sponges showed that gluten was altered and was responsible for the early rheological changes in cracker sponges. It was also shown that breaking of disulfide bonds was responsible for those changes. the “slurry” or inoculum was found to have the greatest effect on rheological properties. Chemical agents, such as sodium bisulfite, cysteine, and glutathione, were effective in reducing the resistance-to-extension of cracker sponges at higher pH levels. However, those effects were eliminated by the lactic acid produced in the sponge during fermentation. Therefore, the changes in rheology occurring early in fermentation do not appear to be important in cracker baking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 53 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An optimum formula for short-time breadmaking included flour (100%), yeast (5%), sugar (3%), salt (1.5%), shortening (3%), oxidant (100 ppm ascorbic acid and 60 ppm KBrO3), and optimum water. The minimum fermentation time for good volume was 15 min. Ambient temperature greatly affected baking performance, and formula changes would be required to produce optimum short-time bread at different temperatures. Baking the same flours by both short- and long-time baking methods gave poor correlations between loaf volumes and oxidant requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 70 (1990), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 0922-338X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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