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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ciglitazone ; C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice ; C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice ; β-cell granulation ; electron microscopy ; rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Golgi apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreases of treated and control male C57BL/6J-ob/ob and C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were evaluated by qualitative and morphometric microscopic techniques to determine the effects of chronic ciglitazone treatment on the morphology of β cells and surface area and number of pancreatic islets. The β cells of treated ob/ob and db/db mice displayed moderate to heavy granulation whereas most β cells of untreated obese and diabetic mice were extensively degranulated. Although moderate proliferation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus was evident in some β cells of treated db/db mice, both groups of treated ob/ob and db/db mice displayed an improved pattern of insulin synthesis and storage. In contrast, the β cells of untreated ob/ob and db/db mice were in a severe state of stress which was indicated by extensive hypertrophy of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Some β cells of untreated db/ db mice also displayed lysosome aggregates indicative of early stages of necrosis. Morphometric analysis revealed that the surface area of islets of treated ob/ob mice was significantly smaller in comparison with that of untreated ob/ob mice. Since the surface area of islets of treated C57BL/6J-+/? mice (lean littermates of ob/ob mice) was less than that of treated ob/ob mice, the progression of islet hypertrophy in the obese mice was probably arrested or attenuated but not to the level of the treated +/? mice. The number of pancreatic islets was significantly greater in treated than in untreated db/ db mice. A majority of the islets of untreated db/db mice were atrophie and consisted of acinar and endocrine cells whereas most of the islets of treated db/db mice appeared to be intact and unremarkable. The results of this study suggest that ciglitazone is an effective hypoglycaemic agent which may directly or indirectly promote β-cell regranulation and an improved pattern of insulin synthesis and storage in ob/ob and db/db mice. However, in treated db/db mice, there still was some evidence of stress in the β cells. Overall, the prolonged treatment with ciglitazone also seemed to inhibit the hypertrophy of islets in ob/ob mice and protect the structural integrity and viability of islets in db/db mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 595-602 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Streptozotocin ; Chinese hamster ; glucagon ; glycosidases ; lactate dehydrogenase isozyme ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Streptozotocin treatment (125 mg/kg) in the Chinese hamster induced hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglucagonaemia and changes in body, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney and adipose tissue weights. The pancreatic reserves of insulin and glucagon in the diabetic animals were low, but stomach glucagon high. These animals showed high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and low levels of glucokinase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, but normal levels of pyruvate kinase in the liver. Increases in lactate dehydrogenase subunit B and isozymes 2, 3 and 4 were also observed in the liver, but not in the epididymal fat pad, of the diabetic animals. N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase was elevated in plasma, liver and heart, but not in the kidney of the treated animals. Renal α-galactosidase and β− glucosidase were depressed, whereas β-galactosidase and α-glucosidase remained essentially normal. These features indicated that there were considerable differences between the biochemical disorders associated with streptozotocin-diabetes in the Chinese hamster and the published observations in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; KK mice ; insulin ; resistance to insulin ; diet and sensitivity to insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La tolérance au glucose est anormale chez beaucoup de souris mâles KK bien que le taux du sucre sanguin à jeun soit généralement normal. La glucosurie des souris KK est intermittente et le sucre sanguin des souris non soumises au jeûne est élevé chez certaines d'entre elles. Le taux d'insuline plasmatique des souris KK non soumises au jeûne est 10 à 100 fois plus élevé que celui des souris non-diabétiques et l'insuline pancréatique est 50% plus élevée que celle des souris témoins. Le diaphragme et le tissu adipeux des souris KK sont insensibles à l'insulinein vitro, la captation de base du glucose par le muscle diaphragmatique des souris KK est normale tandis que l'oxydation de base du glucose par le tissu adipeux est significativement plus basse dans le tissu obtenu des souris KK. Un régime calorique limité abaisse le taux d'insuline plasmatique et le poids corporel; de même qu'il rétablit une sensibilité normale du tissu adipeux à l'insuline. Il est postulé que le diabète des souris KK est dû à une diminution de la sensibilité du tissu adipeux et du muscle à l'insuline endogène et à une augmentation de la prise alimentaire qui a pour résultat une augmentation de la demande en insuline. Le pancréas répond à cette demande par une augmentation de la sécrétion d'insuline et par des taux insuliniques élevés et, pour autant que ces conditions persistent, une hyperthrophie des îlots de Langerhans en résulte. La reproduction consanguine des souris KK a produit des animaux présentant seulement quelques anomalies. Les animaux de la 4e jusqu'à la 7e génération dérivés de souche consanguine KK×C57 BL/6J présentent un nombre relativement grand d'animaux anormaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Trotz gegenüber der Norm um 50% erhöhtem Pankreasinsulingehalt und 10–100-fach erhöhter Plasmainsulinkonzentration zeigten die KK-Mäuse der untersuchten Population intermittierende Glykosurie. Bei zahlreichen Tieren war die Glucosetoleranz trotz normaler Nüchternblutzuckerwerte vermindert.In vitro sprachen weder das Zwerchfell noch das epididymale Fettgewebe der KK-Mäuse auf Insulin an. In Abwesenheit von Insulin war die Glucoseaufnahme der Zwerchfellmuskeln normal, wogegen die Glucoseoxidation im Fettgewebe von KK-Mäusen gegenüber der Norm deutlich erniedrigt war. Kalorienrestriktion hatte ein Absinken der Plasmainsulin-Konzentrationen und des Körpergewichts zur Folge und stellte die Insulinempfindlichkeit des Fettgewebes wieder her. Die Autoren nehmen an, daß der Diabetes der KK-Maus auf eine Verminderung der peripheren Insulinempfindlichkeit sowie übermäßige Calorienaufnahme zurückzuführen sei. Die Hyperinsulinemie und die Hypertrophie der Langerhans'schen Inseln des Pankreas werden als Konsequenzen des erhöhten Insulinbedarfs aufgefaßt. Kontinuierliche Inzucht von KK-Mäusen vermindert die Häufigkeit von Stoffwechselanomalien, dagegen wurde sie durch Kreuzung von KK-Mäusen mit einem Stamm von normalen Tieren ab der 4. Generation deutlich gesteigert.
    Notes: Summary Glucose tolerance was abnormal in many male KK mice studied although fasting blood sugars were generally normal. Glucosuria of KK mice was intermittent and nonfasting blood sugar was elevated in some. Plasma insulin of nonfasted KK mice was 10–100 times that of nondiabetic mice and pancreatic insulin was 50% higher than that of control mice. The diaphragm and fat pads of KK mice were insensitive to insulinin vitro. The baseline glucose uptake by diaphragm muscles of KK mice was normal, whereas baseline glucose oxidation by adipose tissue was significantly lower in tissue from KK mice. Limited diet lowers plasma insulin and body weight and restores the adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin. It is postulated that diabetes in the KK mouse is due to decreased sensitivity of fat and muscle to endogenous insulin and to increased food intake which results in an increased demand for insulin. The pancreas responds to this demand by increased insulin secretion and elevated plasma insulin, and as this condition continues, islet hypertrophy results. Continued inbreeding of KK mice produced animals with fewer abnormalities. Fourth to seventh generation animals derived from inbreeding offspring from KK×C57 BL/6J mice exhibited relatively large numbers of abnormal animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 268-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; heredity ; mouse ; age ; diet ; db-mouse ; insulin ; B-cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La souris du mutant C 57 BL/KsJ -db développe un diabète spontané dont beaucoup de symptômes ressemblent à ceux du diabète humain. La prise de nourriture, le poids corporel et l'insulinémie de la sourisdb sont augmentés dès la 4e semaine, celle du glucose sanguin dès l'âge de 7 semaines. Le sucre sanguin continue à augmenter avec l'âge mais, dès le 3 mois, l'insulinémie, le contenu du pancréas en insulin et le poids corporel diminuent en dépit d'une prise alimentaire élevée. Le taux de glucose sanguin et l'insulinémie peuvent être stabilisés, le contenu pancréatique en insuline augmente si les jeunes animaux diabétiques sont soumis à une restriction alimentaire. — L'oxidation basale du glucose par le tissue adipeuxin vitro est elevée chez la sourisdb après le sevrage, mais abaissée chez les animaux diabétiques plus âgés. La réponse du tissu adipeux à l'insuline chez les sourisdb âgées est considérablement diminuée et l'activité des enzymes de la gluconéogénèse est augmentée. Ceci suggère que le diabète de la sourisdb serait dù au fait qu' à la longue, le pancréas ne peut contrôler une production de glucose continuellement et anormalement augmentée. Chez les très jeunes animaux diabétiques, l'insulinémie élevée et l'oxidation accrue du glucose par les tissus, (tissu adipeux) contribuent à maintenir le taux de glucose à niveau normal. Chez les sourisdb plus âgées, une prise alimentaire augmentée, une utilisation abaissée du glucose et la production continue de glucose par le foie provoquent un stress constant et sévère sur les cellulesβ, qui finit quelquefois par épuiser ces dernières et conduit à un diabète léthal.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mäuse des Stammes C 57 BL/ KsJ -db entwickeln spontan ein hyperglykämisches Syndrom, das dem Diabetes des Menschen in mancher Hinsicht entspricht. Nahrungsaufnahme, Körpergewicht und Plasmainsulinkonzentrationen derdb/db Mäuse waren bereits im Alter von 4 Wochen, die Blutzuckerkonzentration im Alter von 7 Wochen erhöht. Während die Blutzuckerkonzentrationen mit steigendem Alter progressiv anstiegen, begannen nach dem 3. Monat Plasmainsulinkonzentration, Insulingehalt des Pankreas und Körpergewicht abzusinken, obwohl die Hyperphagie weiterhin anhielt. Kalorienrestriktion bei jungen Tieren führte zu einer Stabilisierung von Blutzucker- und Plasmainsulinkonzentrationen und zu einer Zunahme des Insulingehalts des Pancreas.In vitro zeigte das Fettgewebe eben abgestillterdb/db Mäuse erhöhte Glucoseoxidation, während dasjenige älterer diabetischer Tiere sowohl spontan als auch in Gegenwart von Insulin weniger Glucose oxidierte. Die Aktivitäten der Schlüsselenzyme der Gluconeogenese in der Leber waren beidb/db Mäusen erhöht. Es wird angenommen, daß der Diabetes derdb/db Maus auf die Unfähigkeit des Pankreas zurückzuführen ist, den kontinuierlich erhöhten Anfall von Glucose zu bewältigen.
    Notes: Summary The mutant mouse, C 57 BL/KsJ -db, develops spontaneous diabetes with many symptoms similar to those observed in the diabetic human. Food intake, body weight, and plasma insulin in thedb mouse were increased by 4 weeks of age and blood sugar by 7 weeks. The blood sugar continued to increase with age but by 3 months plasma insulin, pancreatic insulin, and body weight decreased despite continued elevated food intake. Blood sugar and plasma insulin could be stabilized and pancreatic insulin increased of young diabetics were kept on a limited diet. Baseline glucose oxidation by adipose tissuein vitro was elevated in weanlingdb mice but depressed in older diabetics. The response to insulin of adipose tissue from olderdb mice was markedly reduced and gluconeogenic enzymes were increased. These observations suggested that diabetes in thedb mouse results from the eventual inability of the pancreas to control a continual, abnormally increased supply of glucose. In the very young diabetics, elevated plasma insulin and increased glucose oxidation by the tissues (adipose tissue) maintained the glucose concentration at a normal level. In the olderdb's, elevated food intake, depressed glucose utilization, and continuous output of glucose by the liver produced a constant, severe stress on the beta cells, resulting eventually in beta cell exhaustion and in the development of lethal diabetes.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: VIP ; radioimmunoassay ; immunocytochemistry ; eyes ; urinary bladder ; prediabetes ; diabetic Chinese hamsters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyes and urinary bladder of non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic Chinese hamsters were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry to determine the content and distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The average concentration of VIP was increased in the eyes of all diabetic (pmol/g = 68%, pmol/organ = 50%) and prediabetic (pmol/g = 152%, pmol/organ = 115%) hamsters compared with age-matched non-diabetic animals. Immunocytochemistry showed that the elevation of VIP was primarily related to greater intensity of fluorescence of the nerve fibres in the vasculature of the choroid. The average content of VIP in the urinary bladder was greater in diabetic animals only on the basis of pmol/organ (135%) and in prediabetics on the basis of pmol/g (87%) compared with non-diabetic animals. Qualitative immunocytochemistry suggested that the elevated level of VIP was related to a larger distribution of nerve fibres in the urinary bladder of diabetic hamsters. The high level of VIP in the eyes and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic hamsters is an interesting observation which should receive further study to determine whether it is an aetiological agent underlying the pathogenesis of ophthalmic complications and neurogenic bladder or the result of some pathological process which affects these organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 617-623 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; T-KK mice ; hyperglycemia ; normalization ; hyperinsulinemia ; growth hormone ; islets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sequence of development and regression of several abnormalities of T-KK mice was studied in comparison with C57BL/6 mice. Food intake, body weights, blood sugars and plasma insulins were determined at approximately monthly intervals from 2–16 months. Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance andin vivo gluconeogenesis were studied at about 2 months, 5–6 months and at one year. Plasma growth hormone and glucose oxidation by isolated islets were also studied and determination of life span was made. — It was not possible to determine which abnormality occurred first in the T-KK mouse, since at 2 months significant changes in all parameters were already present. The reversal of plasma insulin and blood glucose occurred before the decreased food intake and body weights. These results were interpreted to mean that the changes in insulin and glucose may be under genetic control. — Insulin sensitivity and tolerance to glucose decreased andin vivo gluconeogenesis increased when the T-KK mice were obese, hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic. These changes reverted to normal after the animals lost weight and blood sugars and plasma insulin had returned to normal. Survival dropped in T-KK mice and these earlier deaths appeared to coincide with normalization of body weight, blood sugar and plasma insulin. These observations indicated that the abnormalities in the T-KK mouse are of importance to survival. — Plasma growth hormone was decreased in the fasted T-KK mice and there was no difference from normal when animals were fed. Therefore, an increase in growth hormone does not play a role in the pathogenesis of abnormalities in the T-KK mouse. Oxidation of glucose-1-14 C and -6-14C in isolated islets from T-KK mice was increased therefore confirming the hyperactivity of the islets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: C57BL/6J mice ; KK mice ; T-KK mice ; C57BL/6J-ob mice ; C57BL/6J-Aya mice ; C57BL/KsJ mice ; C57BL/KsJ-db mice ; epididymal fat pad cell ; epididymal fat pad alterations ; goldthioglucose induced obesity ; spontaneous obesity in mice ; hyperinsulinism in mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pathologic alterations have been found in the epididymal fat pad of five strains of spontaneously obese or diabetic mice and in one strain of normal mice made obese by a single injection of goldthioglucose. — Histologic abnormalities were observed in the epididymal fat pad of all obese and diabetic mice. These abnormalities were at first characterized by a remarkable growth of the individual fat cell. Later, coinciding with a weight loss of the pad, and in some instances discoloration, the pad became hypercellular. A variable number of macrophages, mast cells and fibroblasts were observed occupying the intercellular spaces and a few fat cells appeared to be diminishing in size. — Overt necrosis and foci of acute inflammatory reaction of the epididymal fat pad was only seen in 9 month old T-KK mice. — “Lean” KK mice, having at all times an underdeveloped epididymal fat pad, were free of the lesions mentioned above. — Prediction of the character and degree of the pathologic changes in the early stages could not be made by gross observation of the fat pad. Histologie methods appear to be necessary to ascertain the condition of the epididymal fat pad of mice having abnormal body weight or abnormal plasma insulin levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ciglitazone ; C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice and their lean littermates ; glucose turnover rate in vivo ; gluconeogenesis in vivo ; Cori cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ciglitazone is orally active in preventing and reversing the hyperglycaemic syndrome in C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice and it is only mildly and transiently hypoglycaemic in lean littermates (C57BL/6J- +/?). Its effect on glucose disposal in vivo was estimated by injecting glucose-6-3H/14C and following the specific activity of radiolabelled glucose at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after injection. The rate constants of glucose turnover were calculated to be as follows in decreasing order: treated obese (0.046/min), treated lean (0.032/min), control lean (0.026/min), and control obese (0.022/min). The obese mice showed less futile Cori cycle activity than the lean mice and ciglitazone had negligible effect on glucose recycling. The control obese mice incorporated more radiolabels in hepatic lipids, glycogen, and proteins than the control lean mice and ciglitazone further enhanced the incorporations. Ciglitazone also increased hepatic accumulations of radiolabels in the glycogen and lipid fractions in the lean littermates. Using lactate-14C as precursor, gluconeogenesis in vivo was measured in control and treated obese and lean mice. Ciglitazone significantly lowered the rate of conversion of lactate-14C to glucose-14C in the obese mice but not in the lean littermates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: KKAy mice ; Pancreatic islets ; Morphometry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The splenic pancreas of 165 day old diabetic KKAy and age-matched nondiabetic C57BL/ 6 mice was examined by morphometry and immunocytochemistry at the light microscopic level and by radioimmunoassay to evaluate the morphology, surface area, endocrine cell composition and hormone content of the pancreatic islets. The insulin cells of the diabetic mice were severely degranulated and many of the glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells were displaced from the mantle to the core of the islet tissue where the non-insulin cells appeared to lose their continuity. The topography of some of the islets of KKAy mice was further deranged by acinar cells among the endocrine tissue. Morphometric analysis revealed that the surface area of the islets of KKAy mice was significantly expanded in comparison with that of C57BL/6 mice. The volume and numerical percents of the insulin cells were significantly increased whereas those of the glucagon and somatostatin cells were decreased in the KKAy mice. Since only the mean absolute number of insulin cells was elevated in the diabetic mice, the alteration in the relative proportions of the noninsulin cells and hypertrophy of the islets seemed to be a manifestation of insulin cell hyperplasia. Pancreatic insulin and somatostatin contents were markedly diminished in the islets of KKAy compared with those of C57BL/6 mice. These results demonstrate that the microscopic anatomy, endocrine cell populations and hormone content of the pancreatic islets are deranged in the KKAy mouse with severe hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chinese hamster kidney epithelial-like cells derived from highly inbred nondiabetic (AV) and diabetic (XA) genetic sublines were passaged in medium containing 100 or 400 mg/dl glucose. The effect of high medium glucose on the activities of 5 enzymes involved in glucose metabolism was followed and significant glucose-dependent difference was observed. The effects, however, were opposite in cells derived fromAV andXA sublines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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