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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Policy Modeling 7 (1985), S. 595-619 
    ISSN: 0161-8938
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The aggregate stabilities of a soil restored after opencast mining and an undisturbed soil were measured over a complete cropping year from the time of ploughing a grass ley in autumn. This was to examine the effects of various post-restoration cropping regimes on soil aggregate stability and soil porosity. A wet sieving technique and a mild dispersion method were used to determine indices of soil macro- and micro-aggregate stability, respectively. Air filled porosity at field capacity and crumb porosity were also determined. Removal, storage and restoration decreased macro- and micro-aggregate stability. After restoration, the different grass managements i.e. cutting for silage and grazing, had similar effects on soil aggregate stability and maintained greater aggregate stability than the arable regimes. The pattern of fluctuation in soil macro-aggregate stability over the year was similar under all crops at both sites, but at the restored site there was a decline in stability, and differences in the air filled porosity at field capacity developed between cropping regimes. Micro-aggregate stability was less at the restored than at the undisturbed site and showed no seasonal variation or difference between cropping regimes. However, a difference in crumb porosity between cropping regimes did develop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The water contents of a restored and an undisturbed soil were monitored over two ‘dry’ growing seasons in order to examine the differences in crop water availability from different horizons. Bulk density was approximately 10% greater in the topsoil of restored land than in undisturbed land, and the water holding capacity was less, probably because there was less organic matter. In the subsoil a major problem was the inability of the soil to allow winter rainfall to recharge the water reserves. Bulk density and penetration resistance were greater in the restored subsoil than in the undisturbed subsoil. Increases in penetration resistance on drying may have restricted rooting activity, especially in the restored subsoil.Ripping of the subsoil to a depth greater than the usual 0.5 m, possibly early in the year in a grass crop to allow new root growth to exploit the cracks, may increase water availability for future dry seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Comparisons of crop production on recently reinstated soil in Northumberland have shown that the reduced yield potential of such soil may not be inevitable. Storage of soil in bunds did not greatly reduce subsequent crop yields, but failure to drain the land did. Provided an effective drainage scheme was installed, arable and grass crops could be grown successfully, responding very well to additions of nitrogen fertilizer and other normal good husbandry practices. To date it seems that neither deep cultivation nor the use of grass leys were as effective in the restoration process as had been expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Restoration ecology 3 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We conducted an experiment with the dual aims of (1) examining the feasibility of establishing a species-rich grassland using a commercially available grass and wild-flower seed mixture and (2) examining the effects of different defoliation and fertilizer managements on the productivity, species richness, diversity, and composition of a species-rich grassland established on a site reclaimed after opencast coal mining. The use of the seed mixture successfully established a sward of some 18–25 species per square meter. The species composition was enriched to some extent by recruitment of unsown species, principally from the soil seed bank. Hay-type defoliation management produced greater dry matter yield and species richness than grazing defoliation, but grazing defoliation produced greater species diversity. Fertilizer application had no significant effect on dry matter production but reduced species diversity. Ordination analysis revealed that both defoliation and fertilizer management significantly affected species composition. The response obtained by individual species was explicable largely by their comparative biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results are reported from an experiment on the effects of cutting date (14 June, 21 July and I September), fertilizer application (none or 80 kg ha−1 N plus 40 kg ha−1 P and K) and grazing treatments (none, autumn or autumn plus spring) on the vegetation of an upland mesotrophic grassland in Upper Teesdale. northern England, UK.Effects on plant species number and cover are reported for 4 years (1989–93) of treatment. Effects on ‘species -attributes’ are given for the fourth year.The cessation of grazing combined with the use of fertilizer progressively reduced species number by about 25%. Under traditional management (no fertilizer, cutting date on 21 July, autumn and spring grazing) the species number and cover remained relatively static over the 4 years.Comparison between treatments in the fourth year showed a reduction in species number under the fertilizer application, cutting date on 1 September and no-grazing treatments. Fertilizer use together with cutting date on 1 September particularly lowered species number and cover.Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of treatment on species that occurred frequently in the sward. A cutting date of 1 September favoured Agrostis capillaris. Alopecurus pratensis, Poa trivialis, Phleum pratense and Trisetum flavescens, The absence of grazing favoured Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus. The use of fertilizer particularly favoured A. pratensis and H. lanatus. Ordination methods were used to assess the effect of treatment on the less frequent species. These were primarily associated with the treatment combination that matched ‘traditional’ management. Deviations from this ‘traditional’ regime acted separately, rather than in combination, and favoured different grass species. Traditional management was associated with ruderal, stress-tolerant ruderal and competitive ruderal strategists and with longer seed germination times, heavier seeds, some of which needed scarifying or chilling to break dormancy, and transient seed banks that germinated in the autumn.The original sward was an Anthoxanthum odora-turn-Geranium sylvatirum grassland, Briza media subcommunity (MG3b). After 4 years, Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland, Holcus lanatus-Trifolium repens subcom-munity (U4b) and Lolium perenne-Alopecurus pratensis-Festuca pratensis grassland (MG7c) were found in many of the fertilized and late-cutting treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 42 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of soil temperature and other factors on the early spring growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards were studied in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Leaf extension was used as the measure of growth and soil temperature was recorded at 10 cm depth below bare ground. Measurements were taken before the first nitrogen dressing had been applied each spring on swards that had received annual dressings of 0, 200 or 400 kg N ha-1 since 1982.On the pooled data temperature alone accounted for 604% of the variation in leaf extension rate, with an average increase of 0·4 mm d-1 for each 1°C increase in temperature over the range studied. Considering the data for each year separately did not greatly improve the correlation but did indicate that leaves extended more rapidly in 1985 for each degree increase in temperature whereas the smallest response was recorded in 1984. A better correlation was achieved by grouping data according to the nitrogen rates previously applied to plots and there was evidence of residual effets of this nitrogen. It seems likely that the differences between years can be explained in terms of differences in radiation and other environmental parameters over the measurement period, whereas the effects of previously applied nitrogen may be more closely related to physiological changes in the sward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 41 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of temperature on the spring growth of perennial ryegrass swards was studied at three contrasting sites. Two of these were situated on land restored after opencast coal mining, one of which had been drained. The third was on undisturbed land of the same soil type. Rates of leaf extension were measured in an attempt to give an early indication of differences in plant growth in the spring of 1982.Spring growth started earliest on undisturbed land. On the restored land drainage proved beneficial, for although the onset of growth was delayed compared to the undisturbed site the subsequent rates of growth were similar. Both the onset and the rate of growth were slower on the undrained site. Highly significant relationships existed between leaf extension rate and soil temperature at each site. However, when sites were compared, differences in soil temperature could only partly explain observed differences in growth rate between sites.It was concluded that some factor other than soil temperature was responsible for the difference in spring growth between the undisturbed site and the undrained opencast site in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The growth of grass and clover components in mixed swards on a site restored after opencast coal mining and an undisturbed control site were compared. Soil nitrogen supply was reduced at the restored site. This inhibited grass growth but was beneficial for the clover component.Growth at the restored site was also inhibited by a compacted subsoil, which reduced available soil water content and impeded access to available soil water. This inhibited crop production from the middle of the second silage crop onwards. In 1989 this was associated with the soil at the restored site reaching permanent wilting point at 40cm. In 1990 this effect was associated with the restored site soil reaching permanent wilting point at 70cm. These drought effects reduced clover growing point population and stolon mass. Grass tiller populations were unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of drainage on the yield of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards grown for silage, and on soil development under grassland, were studied between 1982 and 1985.Over the 4 years of the experiment, drainage resulted in a mean increase in herbage production of 1-5 t dry matter (DM) ha−1, 16% above the yield recorded on the undrained site. Drainage also led to increased herbage nitrogen contents at every cut except one, so that total nitrogen recovery was increased by an average of 24-8 kg N ha−1 (15%) when drainage was installed. These total differences were mainly due to differences that were present at the first cut taken in June each year; drainage led to an average 24% increase in yield, and an average 27% increase in nitrogen recovery at the first cut.Detailed sward measurements taken in 1985 endeavoured to explain these differences; drainage increased depth to free water over winter, enabling increased root efficiency and nitrogen availability, greater tillering and more rapid leaf extension in early spring. There was some suggestion that drainage also led to an improved topsoil structure in terms of improved aggregation and aeration. This is important for long-term soil development as well as short-term herbage yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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