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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 117 (1953), S. 215-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 119 (1955), S. 174-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Tätigkeit der Kiefermuskeln bei den wichtigsten Bewegungen des Unterkiefers wurde elektromyographisch untersucht. In zahlreichen Doppelableitungen, die es gestatten, jeweils die Aktivität zweier Muskeln gleichzeitig zu erfassen, wurden die einzelnen Muskeln hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für die verschiedenen Bewegungen einander gegenübergestellt. Typische elektromyographische Kurven, die bei den Registrierungen immer wieder gewonnen werden konnten, wurden zunächst nach Muskeln und Bewegungen geordnet, in Tafeln derart zusammengefaßt, daß es möglich ist, das Muskelspiel bei der Öffnungs-, Schließ-und Beißbewegung, bei der Mahlbewegung (Lateralbewegung) nach rechts und nach links sowie auch beim Vorschub bzw. bei der Retraktion des Unterkiefers mit einem Blick zu übersehen. Im weiteren Verlaufe der Arbeit werden die einzelnen am Kauakt beteiligten Muskeln gesondert behandelt, ihre Wirksamkeit bei verschiedenen Stellungen des Unterkiefers betrachtet, und es wird auf das Vermögen gewisser Muskeln hingewiesen, nach verschiedenen Richtungen hin Arbeit zu leisten. Die erhobenen elektromyographischen Befunde werden schließlich mit anatomischen und röntgenologischen Beobachtungen verglichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: α-Motor nerve fibre ; Axonal crossectional area ; Nerve fibre division
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage, welches Ausmaß die im Verzweigungsbaum des Neuriten eines α-Motoneurons im Zuge fortgesetzter Faserteilung auftretenden Veränderungen des axonalen Gesamtquerschnittes aufzuweisen haben, wurde am Beispiel des Muskelnerven für den M. sternomastoideus der Ratte untersucht. Innerhalb dieses Muskelnerven ist es auf Grund der gegebenen anatomischen Situation und mit Hilfe der histochemischen Cholinesterasetechnik möglich, morphologisch zwischen motorischen und sensiblen, innerhalb der motorischen auch weitgehend zwischen α- und γ-Fasern zu differenzieren. So konnten die Durchmesser der Axone aller α-Fasern dieses Nerven vermessen und deren Querschnittsfläche berechnet werden. Deren Summe beträgt im hier bearbeiteten Fall ca. 5800 μm2 (1 Faser durchschnittlich 60 μm2). Stichprobenweise wurden auch die Flächen der Axone der an die Endplatten herantretenden terminalen Nervenästchen bestimmt und ihr Durchschnitt mit 12 μm2 berechnet. Die Zahl der Endästchen, die indirekt durch Auszählung aller Muskelfasern ermittelt werden konnte, beträgt über 5000. Hieraus ergibt sich, daß die Summe der Flächen aller Endästchen der α-Fasern des N.m. sternomastoidei in der Größenordnung von 64000 μm2 liegen dürfte. Der Querschnitt eines Axons einer α-Faser dieses Nerven müßte sich danach im Zuge der Endverzweigung durchschnittlich um das 11fache vergrößern. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Zuwachsrate ergibt eine Berechnung an einem vorwiegend dichotomisch orientiert gedachten Teilungsbaum bei der für den M. sternomastoideus festgestellten motorischen Einheit von 1∶45, daß die im Zusammenhang mit einer Faserteilung stehende Vergrößerung des axonalen Querschnittes durchschnittlich etwa 56% betragen müßte. Daß diese Axonflächenzunahme nicht schon unmittelbar an der Teilung auftritt oder auftreten muß, lassen Messungen direkt vor und direkt nach Verzweigungsstellen vermuten, nach denen kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen der Summe der Axonquerschnittsflächen der Teilungsäste und der Querschnittsfläche des Stammaxons erkennbar ist.
    Notes: Summary Axonal calibre differences of α-motor nerve fibres occuring in the course of nerve fibre division were studied in the nerve supplying the sternomastoid muscle of the rat. By using Karnovsky's method for histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity, it was possible to distinguish between efferent and afferent myelinated nerve fibres on the base of different staining intensities. Among the motor nerve fibres, the γ-fibres could be recognized not only by their smaller calibre but also by their higher content of reaction product. The number and diameters of α-fibres were determined in a region shortly before the nerve was entering the sternomastoideus muscle. The sum of the crossectional areas of the axons of all α-stem fibres was calculated to be about 5800 μ2, the mean value of one fibre being 60 μm2. The mean axon crossectional area of final branches, each of which is ending on a separate muscle fibre, was—randomly tested—12 μm2. Taking in account the number of muscle fibres of sternomastoid muscle (over 5000) the sum of all crossectional areas of α-fibre terminal branches will thus be in the range of 64 000 μm2. Therefore the crossectional area of the axon of one α-stem fibre was calculated to increase on average by a factor of 11 in the course of terminal ramification. The motor unit of sternomastoid muscle was found to be 1∶45 in the mean. Assuming a chiefly dichotomic division of the nerve, the increase of axonal crossectional area occuring in connection with the division of one fibre was calculated to be 56% on average. Measurements made immediately before and after sites of fibre divisions show no significant differences of axonal diameters. It is concluded that the increase of axonal calbre occurs at a distance of the sites of division.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sternomastoid muscle ; Fiber types ; Motor unit ; Motoneurons ; Primary afferent neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several quantitative and qualitative parameters of the rat sternomastoid muscle and its innervation have been investigated. The sternomastoid muscle consists of two even macroscopically clearly distinguishable portions, a white and a red one, the latter occupying the deep medial section of the muscle. Correlating serial cross sections stained for alkali-stable ATP-ase and NADH-TR activity, 4 different muscle fiber types were found in the red zone (βR, αR, αI, αβW), 2 types in the white zone (αI, αβW). Mean diameters and percentages of muscle fiber types in the different parts of the muscle were determined. About 20 muscle spindles, preferentially located in the red part, were detected. The average size of motor units was calculated to be about 54. In the sternomastoid nerve, which originates from the accessory nerve (motor root) and from the cervical plexus (sensory root), electronmicroscopically a mean total of 558 nerve fibers was counted (47% myelinated, 53% unmyelinated). The diameter distribution of unmyelinated fibers reveals two distinct peaks in the sternomastoid nerve as well as in its roots. This indicates the existence of two different kinds of unmyelinated fibers. Using acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) histochemistry (Zenker and Hohberg, 1973) numbers and diameters of myelinated ACHE-positive (motor) and ACHE-negative (sensory) nerve fibers were determined. 53% of the myelinated fibers in the sternomastoid nerve were found to be motoric (65% α-motor, 35% γ-motor fibers). Using the HRP tracing technique the perikarya of the motor and sensory neuron pools were identified, counted, and their diameters determined. Motoneurons are localized from the transition zone brain stem/spinal cord to the third cervical segment of the spinal cord, lying dorsomedially in the ventral horn in the upper segments and shifting laterally in the caudal segments. The diameter distribution of motoneuronal perikarya is clearly bimodal corresponding to α-and γ-neurons. Perikarya of primary afferent neurons are located in spinal ganglia C2-C4. Their diameter distribution was found to be trimodal. The aim of the study was to give a complex morphological description of one nerve muscle system and to compare some parameters with those of other systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ansa cervicalis ; Infrahyoid muscles ; Fiber types ; Motor unit ; Muscle spindles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topographical anatomy of the ansa cervicalis and the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid) as well as the qualitative and quantitative muscle fiber composition have been studied in the rat. The ansa consists of a superior and an inferior radix receiving fibers from the hypoglossal nerve and from C 1–3, respectively. Two main branches, a horizontal one, leaving the superior radix and a descending one, leaving the vertex were found constantly, while the smaller branches exhibit a considerable variability. The sternohyoid muscle is built up of a superior and an inferior belly The tendinous intersection serves as origin for the sternothyroid muscle. The different fiber types are evenly distributed in the sternohyoid (both bellies), the sternothyroid, and the omohyoid muscle (lacking type I (β) fibers). The sternohyoid muscle displays a small number of fibers classified as type I fibers which are regularly found in the inferior but only sporadically in the superior belly. These muscle fibers probably do not belong to a single motor unit. In contrast to the type IIA (α) and the type I fibers the type IIB (αβ) fibers display a considerably varying diameter. Muscle spindles were regularly found in the infrahyoid muscles, the sternothyroid muscle containing proportionally the greatest number of spindles. The mean size of the motor units ranges from 77 to 86 in the different muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Splenius muscle ; Muscle fiber types ; Primary afferents ; Spinal cord ; Brain stem ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The splenius muscle of the rat was investigated with regard to its structure and innervation. The latter was compared with that of the quadriceps muscle. The results can be summarized as follows: The splenius muscles of both sides form a bipennate muscle plate connecting the occipital bone with the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra. The lateral parts of both muscles are attached directly to this prominent bony process, whereas the medial parts end in a median raphe which forms a tendinous cranial extension of the second thoracic vertebra. This tendinous extension, showing no connection to the cervical vertebrae, serves also for the attachment of acromio-trapezius muscle fibers. The lateral part of the splenius muscle is divided into two parts by a tendinous intersection. The splenius muscle consists mainly of fast twitch fibers: 55% were characterized as IIB and 40% as IIA fibers by histochemical demonstration of myosin ATPase-activity. A high content of muscle spindles — 57 spindles per gram of muscle tissue — was found. Comparing several aspects of the innervation of the splenius to that of the quadriceps muscle, the following results could be obtained: 1. The ratio of motor end plate size to muscle fiber volume is significantly higher in the splenius than in the quadriceps muscle. 2. As demonstrated by transganglionary HRP-transport, the main part of labeled splenius afferents to the spinal cord terminates in the central cervical nucleus. Quadriceps afferents, entering the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, mainly end in the area of Clarke's column. Several labeled fibers descend to the sixth lumbar and first sacral segments, where they terminate in the area of Stilling's nucleus. 3. A group of primary afferents from both muscles-most probably III- and IV-afferents — projects to the dorsal laminae of the dorsal horn; terminals from the splenius are accumulated in the lateral parts of these laminae, where-us those of the quadriceps are more concentrated in the medial areas. 4. Within the brain stem, most afferents from the splemus terminate in the external cuneate nucleus. Most of the quadriceps afferents course to the gracile nucleus. 5. Terminals from both muscle nerves were found in the area of the spinal vestibular nucleus. In conclusion, the most conspicuous results were: 1) Besides the segmental projection to the dorsal horn there is an almost exclusive projection of splenius primary afferents to relay nuclei to the cerebellum. 2) The relatively high ratio: end plate size/muscle fiber volume, which is characteristics of finely adjusting muscles. These results provide additional clues to the understanding of the particular role of the neck muscles in posture and head movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 120 (1957), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Muscle ; Nerve ; Motor endplates ; Myomyonal junctions ; Multiple innervation ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dependence of the inner organisation and innervation of a skeletal muscle on its size was studied at the level of single muscle fiber architecture and motor endplate topography in muscles of different size, all of them lacking a tendinous scaffolding. The muscles evaluated in this study were: Mm. sternomastoideus, gracilis and latissimus dorsi of the rat and the M. sternocephalicus of the horse. In these muscles a subdivision into two or more ‘innervation-compartments’ becomes obvious in fascicles reaching a certain length. This provides the possibility of an almost synchronous activation of the entire muscle by its nerve. At the level of single muscle fiber elements, large numbers of myo-myonal junctions were discernible in many sites. However, unequivocal multiple innervation was found, with several endplates per single muscle fiber, without the interposition of any junctional structure. Myo-myonal junctions, combined with a characteristic branching pattern of many muscle fibers, and scattered innervation sites, obviously play an important role in the architecture of fan-like muscles lacking a tendinous scaffolding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 166 (1983), S. 275-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neck muscle nerves ; Primary afferent endings ; Central cervical nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) according to Mesulam (1978), the course and central terminations of the afferents from the longus capitis muscle were studied in the rat. Application of HRP to the cut muscle nerves was followed by heavy labeling of a considerable number of cell bodies of different sizes in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3. The labeled central processes follow two distinct main routes: one to the external cuneate nucleus, which is known to project ipsilaterally to the cerebellum, the other to the central cervical nucleus (CCN) of the spinal cord. The latter nucleus contains dense arborizations and terminals of muscle afferents in close relationship to medium sized cells which project contralaterally to the cerebellum. This could be shown in double labeling experiments with HRP as a tracer for primary afferents and Nuclear yellow for the cerebellar pathway. The labeled area of CCN extends from the fourth cervical segment up to the medulla oblongata where it lies laterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus, though clearly separated from the latter. In the cervical part of CCN, dendrites of neck muscle motoneurons arborize within the area of afferent terminals. Besides the external cuneate and the central cervical nuclei, afferent projections were seen in lamina X, partly in close contact with the central canal, and in more lateral areas of lamina VII. In contrast to results from studies on other neck muscles, no reaction product was observed in dorsal horn laminae I–VI.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Primary afferents ; Muscle ; Anterograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sternomastoid muscle of the rat is divided into a white (dominated by fast-glycolytic twitch fibers) and a red (dominated by fast oxidative-glycolytic twitch fibers, but also containing slow-oxidative twitch fibers) compartent. Previous reports on exclusive location of muscle spindles in the red portion were confirmed. On the basis of anterograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinine conjugate (WGA-HRP) it was shown in this study that, in addition to muscle spindle compartmentalisation, there was also an exclusive occurrence of tendon organs in the red part of the muscle; moreover, fine afferents (III- and IV-afferents) were mainly distributed to this portion as well. Radioimmunassay studies revealed that this part of the muscle contained twice as much substance P as the white part. It could be shown by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry that the myelinated fibers of the white branch to the muscle exclusively displayed high enzyme activity which is characteristic for motor fibers; on the other hand, in the branch to the red portion two classes of AChE-positive fibers were found: a large one with a peak in the alpha-range, and a small one with a peak in the gammarange. In addition, there was also a group of enzyme-negative (sensory) fibers. These results also indicate the red portion of the sternomastoid muscle to be its “sensory compartment”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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