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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 2647-2650 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 1000-1003 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 54 (1998), S. 722-731 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of pentatitanium tetraoxide tetrakis(phosphate), Ti5O4(PO4)4, has been determined and refined from X-ray diffraction single-crystal data [P212121 (No. 19), Z = 4, a = 12.8417 (12), b = 14.4195 (13), c = 7.4622 (9) Å (from Guinier photographs); conventional residual R1 = 0.042 for 2556 Fo 〉 4σ(Fo), R1 = 0.057 for all 3276 independent reflections; 282 parameters; 29 atoms in the asymmetric unit of the ideal structure]. The structure is closely related to those of β-Fe2O(PO4)-type phosphates and synthetic lipscombite, Fe3(PO4)4(OH). While these consist of infinite chains of face-sharing MO6 octahedra, in pentatitanium tetraoxide tetrakis(phosphate) only five-eighths of the octahedral voids are occupied according to □3Ti5O4(PO4)4. Four of the five independent Ti4+O6 show high radial distortion [1.72 ≤ d(Ti−O) ≤ 2.39 Å] and a typical 1 + 4 + 1 distance distribution. The fifth Ti4+O6 is an almost regular octahedron [1.91 ≤ d(Ti−O) ≤ 1.98 Å]. Partial disorder of Ti4+ over the available octahedral voids is revealed by the X-ray structure refinement. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigations confirm this result.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 762-764 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Pyrophosphates, M2P2O7 (M = Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) ; chemical transport reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions on the Thermal Behaviour of Anhydrous Phosphates. IV. Chemical Transport Reactions of Pyrophosphates M2P2O7 (M = Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) - The First Time Preparation of Chromium(II) - PyrophosphatePyrophosphates M2P2O7 (M = Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) can be crystallized by chemical transport reactions. Chlorine (T ≈ 1000°C) and NH4Cl (T ≈ 850°C) were used as transport agents for the pyrophosphates of Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd which can be obtained easily by thermal decomposition of the metal ammonium phosphates MNH4PO4 · H2O or MNH4PO4 · 6H2O precipitated from aqueous solutions. Fe2P2O7 as well as the pyrophosphate of divalent chromium, which was prepared for the first time, could be synthesized in situ from metal monophosphide and metal(III) orthophosphate. The reduction of CrPO4 by CrP followed by a transport reaction (condensed equilibrium phases: Cr2P2O7,s + CrPs; transport agent: iodine; 1050→950 °C) led to light blue well shaped crystals of Cr2P2O7 which adopt the Thortveitit structure.An interpretation of the experimental results using estimated heats of formation of Fe2P2O7 and Co2P2O7 is given. Including these data an evaluation of the influence of various heterogenous and homogenous equilibria on the behaviour of pyrophosphate in the presence of transport agents was possible.
    Notes: Berichtet wird über die Kristallisation von Pyrophosphaten M2P2O7 (M = Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) mittels chemischer Transportreaktionen. Für die in mikrokristalliner Form naßchemisch leicht zugänglichen Pyrophosphate (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) wurde Chlor (T ≈ 1000°C) wie auch NH4Cl (T ≈ 850°C) als Transportmittel verwendet. Oxidations-empfindliche Pyrophosphate lassen sich durch in situ-Reaktion von MP und MIIIPO4 darstellen, wie an dem Beispiel von Fe2P2O7 sowie durch die erstmalige Synthese von Cr2P2O7 gezeigt wird. Durch Reduktion von CrPO4 mit CrP und nachfolgender Transportreaktion (Ausgangsbodenkörper: Cr2P2O7,s + CrPs; Transportmittel: Iod; 1050→950 °C) entstand Cr2P2O7 in himmelblauen Kristallen mit Thortveitit Struktur.Zur Interpretation der Transportbeobachtungen wurden die Bildungsenthalpien von Co2P2O7 und Fe2P2O7 abgeschätzt und die Bedeutung verschiedener heterogener und homogener Gleichgewichte für das Verhalten der Pyrophosphate in Gegenwart der verwendeten Transportmittel diskutiert.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 1773-1780 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhodium ; chemical vapour transport ; crystal growth ; thermochemical calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Crystallization of Rhodium(III) Oxo Compounds - Chemical Vapour Transport of Rh2O3 using ChlorineRh2O3,s migrates in chemical transport experiments with chlorine as transport agent from the higher (T2) to the lower (T1) temperature of a gradient (ΔT = 100°) due to endothermal reactions (900°C 〈 T ≤ 1050°C; T = 0,5 · (T2 + T1)). Under the conditions of transport experiments RhCl3,s is observed in most experiments as equilibrium solid besides the sesquioxide. The transport rates for Rh2O3,s and the sublimation rates for RhCl3,s grow with increasing temperature T. The composition of the equilibrium solids, the rates of migration and the sequence of deposition (1. RhCl3,s, 2. Rh2O3,s) is well reproduced by thermodynamic model calculations. As a result of this calculations the transport behaviour of the system Rh2O3,s/Cl2 is determined by the two equilibria \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 1/2{\rm Rh}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 3,s}} + 3/2{\rm Cl}_{{\rm 2,g}} = {\rm RhCl}_{{\rm 3,g}} + 3/4{\rm O}_{{\rm 2,g}} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm Rhcl}_{{\rm 3,s}} = {\rm Rhcl}_{{\rm 3,s}} $$\end{document}The influence of RhCl2,g and RhCl4,g on the transport behaviour of Rh2O3,s as well as the possible occurence of RhOCl2,g in the equilibrium gas phase will be discussed. Predictions of the transport behaviour of ternary rhodium(III) oxo compounds will be made.
    Notes: In chemischen Transportexperimenten wandert Rh2O3,s unter Zugabe von Chlor im Temperaturbereich 900°C 〈 T ≤ 1050°C aufgrund endothermer Reaktionen von T2 nach T1 (T2 〉 T1, Δ = 100°). Neben Rh2O3,s wird in fast allen Experimenten die Abscheidung von RhCl3,s beobachtet. Die Transportraten für Rh2O3,s sowie die Sublimationsraten für RhCl3,s steigen mit T kontinuierlich an. Thermodynamische Modellrechnungen geben die beobachteten Transportraten, die Zusammensetzung der Gleichgewichtsbodenkörper sowie ihre Abscheidungsreihenfolge (1. RhCl3,s; 2. Rh2O3,s) zutreffend wieder.Danach sind für die Wanderung von RhCl3,s und Rh2O3,s im Temperaturgefälle zwei Gleichgewichte maßgeblich: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 1/2{\rm Rh}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 3,s}} + 3/2{\rm Cl}_{{\rm 2,g}} = {\rm RhCl}_{{\rm 3,g}} + 3/4{\rm O}_{{\rm 2,g}} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta_{\rm R} {\rm H}_{{\rm 1250}}^\circ = 51,2\,{\rm kcal/mol,}\,\Delta _{\rm R} {\rm S}_{{\rm 1250}}^\circ = 24,6\,\,{\rm cl,}\,\,\,\Delta _{\rm R} {\rm G}_{{\rm 1250}}^\circ =\,\,20,4\,{\rm kcl/mol, K}_{\rm p} (1250) = \,2,7\, \cdot 10^{ - 4}\,{\rm atm}^{{\rm 1/4}} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm Rhcl}_{{\rm 3,s}} = {\rm Rhcl}_{{\rm 3,s}} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta _{\rm R} {\rm H}_{{\rm 1250}}^\circ = 71,7\,{\rm kcal/mol, }\,\Delta _{\rm R} {\rm S}_{{\rm 1250}}^\circ = 45,4\,\,{\rm cl,}\,\,\,\Delta _{\rm R} {\rm G}_{{\rm 1250}}^\circ = \,\,14,9\,{\rm kcl/mol, K}_{\rm p} (1250) = \,2,7\, \cdot 10^{ - 3} \,{\rm atm}^{{\rm 1/4}} $$\end{document} Die Bedeutung von RhCl2,g und RhCl4,g für den chemischen Transport von Rh2O3,s wird ebenso diskutiert wie die mögliche Existenz von RhOCl2,g in der Gleichgewichtsgasphase. Vorhersagen zum Transportverhalten von ternären Rhodium(III)-oxoverbindungen sind möglich.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemical vapour transport ; ultraphosphate ; CuP4O11 ; crystal structure ; electronic spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of Copper(II) Ultraphosphate CuP4O11CuP4O11 was synthesised from Cu2P4O12 and P4O10 (500°C, sealed silica ampoules) using iodine and a few mg of CuP2 or phosphorus as mineraliser. Chemical transport reactions in a temperature gradient 600 → 500°C led to the formation of well developed, colourless, transparent crystals with edge-lengths up to 5 mm (deposition rate m ≍ 2 mg/h).The crystal structure of copper(II) ultraphosphate (C1; Z = 8; a = 13.084(3) Å, b = 13.024(2) Å, c = 10.533(2) Å, α = 89.28(2)°, β = 118.42(2)°, γ = 90.30(2)°) has been determined and refined from X-ray data obtained from a pseudo-merohedrally twinned crystal (twin element two-fold rotation axis // b; volume ratio: 17/3; 3063 independent reflections with 2θ ≤ 53.4°; 291 variables; conventional residual (based on F) R1 = 0.038, wR2 = 0.101 (based on F2), GooF = 1.10).The crystal structure of CuP4O11 is built from four crystallographically independent ten-membered polyphosphate rings of very similar conformation. These rings are linked to form two-dimensional nets parallel (-2 0 1) planes. There is a close topological relationship between these nets and those formed in polyphosphides CdP4 and CuP2. Copper on two crystallographic sites (Cu2P8O22) is coordinated by oxygen thus forming elongated [CuO6] octahedra (deq(Cu—O) ≍ 1.96 Å; dax(Cu—O) ≍ 2.34 Å).The crystal g-tensor of CuP4O11 has been determined from powder samples to g1 = 2.09, g2 = 2.24, g3 = 2.36. These values are in good agreement with molecular g-values from calculations within the framework of the angular overlap model on the two independent CuO6 octahedra (Cu2+(1): gx = 2.09, gy = 2.10, gz = 2.52; Cu2+(2): gx = 2.08, gy = 2.11, gz = 2.52) assuming exchange coupling. The observed broad absorption band (7000 cm-1 to 13000 cm-1) from powder reflectance measurements (4000-28000 cm-1) and the bulk magnetic susceptibility of μexp = 1.99 μB is also reproduced nicely by this calculations.
    Notes: Die Synthese von CuP4O11 gelingt aus Cu2P4O12 und P4O10. In direkt anschließenden chemischen Transportexperimenten (600 → 500°C, Zusatz von Iod und wenigen mg CuP2 oder Phosphor als Transportmittel) werden wohlausgebildete, farblos-transparente Kristalle mit Kantenlängen bis 4 mm erhalten (Transportrate ca. 2 mg/h).Anhand von Röntgenbeugungsdaten eines pseudomeroedrisch nach (010) verzwillingten Kristalls konnte die Kristallstruktur von Kupfer(II)-ultraphosphat (C1; Z = 8; a = 13,084(3) Å, b = 13,024(2) Å, c = 40,533(2) Å, α = 89,28(2)°, β = 118,42(2)°, γ = 90,30(2)°, Gitterkonstanten aus Guinier-Aufnahmen) bestimmt und verfeinert werden (Volumenverhältnis 17/3; 3063 symmetrieunabhängige Reflexe mit 2θ ≤ 53,4° und F02 ≥ 4σ(F02); 291 freie Parameter; konventioneller R-Wert R1 = 0,038, wR2 = 0,101, GooF = 1,10).Die Kristallstruktur enthält vier kristallographisch unterschiedliche zehngliedrige Polyphosphatringe ähnlicher Konformation, die zu zweidimensionalen Netzen parallel zu (-2 0 1) verknüpft sind. Kupfer ist auf zwei kristallographischen Lagen (Cu2P8O22) gestreckt-oktaedrisch von Sauerstoff koordiniert (deq(Cu—O) ≍ (1,96 Å; dax(Cu—O) ≍ (2,34 Å).Die Hauptachsen des g-Tensors für CuP4O11 wurden an pulverförmigen Proben bestimmt zu g1 = 2,09, g2 = 2,24 und g3 = 2,36. Diese Werte stehen bei Annahme einer Austauschkopplung in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit molekularen g-Tensoren für die beiden unabhängigen CuO6-Oktaeder (Cu2+(1): gx = 2,09, gy = 2,10, gz = 2,52; Cu2+(2): gx = 2,08, gy = 2,11, gz = 2,52) wie sie aus Berechnungen im Rahmen des „angular overlap model“ für CuP4O11 abgeleitet werden. Diese Betrachtungen geben auch das beobachtete Remissionsspektrum (4000-28000 cm-1) mit einer breiten Bande zwischen 7000 cm-1 und 13000 cm-1 sowie die magnetische Suszeptibilität μexp = 1,99 μB gut wieder.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Crystal Structure of CrSO4 · 3 H2OEvaporating a solution of Cr2+ in dilute sulphuric acid at 70°C light blue crystals of CrSO4 · 3 H2O were grown. Its x-ray powder diffraction pattern is quite similar to that of CuSO4 · 3 H2O. The crystal structure refinement of CrSO4 · 3 H2O (space group Ce, a = 5.7056(8) Å, b = 13.211(2) Å, c = 7.485(1) Å, β = 96.73(1)°, Z = 4) from single crystal data, using the parameters of the copper compound as starting values, results in a final R-value of R = 3.8%.The surrounding of the Cr2+ ion can be described as a strongly elongated octahedron. The basal plane of the CrO6-octahedron consists of three hydrate oxygen atoms and one sulphate oxygen atom. The two more distant axial oxygen atoms also belong to sulphate groups. Thus they are forming chains of alterning CrO6-octahedra and SO4-tetrahedra along [110] and [1-10] linked via common corners. These chains are connected via sulphate groups and by bridging hydrogen bonds to a 3-dimensional network.
    Notes: Durch Kristallisieren aus einer schwefelsauren Lösung von Chrom(II)-Sulfat (T ≈ 70°C) ist das hellblaue Trihydrat CrSO4 · 3 H2O erhältlich. Die Verbindung ist isotyp zu CuSO4 · 3 H2O. Die Strukturverfeinerung anhand von Einkristalldaten erfolgte in der Raumgruppe Cc mit a = 5,7056(8) Å, b = 13,211(2) Å, c = 7,485(1) Å, β = 96,73(1)°, Z = 4 und konvergierte bei R = 3,8%.Cr2+ ist verzerrt oktaedrisch koordiniert. Die Basisfläche des Oktaeders wird von drei Hydratsauerstoffatomen und einem Sulfatsauerstoffatom aufgespannt. Zwei weitere Sauerstoffatome von Sulfatgruppen vervollständigen in einem größeren Abstand die elongierten Oktaeder. Diese sind untereinander über gemeinsame Sulfatpolyeder verknüpft. Dadurch ergeben sich Ketten, in denen CrO6-Oktaeder und SO4-Tetraeder abwechseln. Diese Ketten, deren Orientierung jeweils [110] und [1-10] in c-Richtung wechselt, sind über Sulfatgruppen und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen miteinander verbunden.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 24-42 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Chemical Vapour Transport of Chromium and Manganese Monophosphide. Experimental Results and Thermochemical CalculationsUsing iodine as transport agent well shaped crystals of a volume up to V ≍ 50 mm3 (CrP) or an edgelength of approximately 1 ≍ 10 mm (MnP) can be grown.CrP has been deposited at the lower temperature of a temperature gradient (1050 → 950°C). At a density of the transport agent higher than D = 26 · 10-6 [mol I2/cm3] CrP and CrI2,1 coexist in the deposition region at the lower temperature. The determined composition of the condensed phases under equilibrium conditions are in accordance with thermochemical calculations assuming the heat of formation of CrP to be ΔFH298o= -25.5 ± 2 [kcal/mol]. Furthermore these calculations show that the solution of CrP in the gas phase leads to CrI2,g, Cr2I4,g, P2,g and P4,g, while I2,g, HIg, PI3,g and P2I4,g have to be considered as transport agents.The migration of MnP (1000 → 1100°C) results from an exothermic reaction. MnPs exists besides MnI2,1 in the source region. Thermochemical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results and suggest the following heterogenous equilibrium to be responsible for the observed behaviour: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm MnP}_{\rm s} + 2{\rm HI}_{\rm g} {\rm = 1/2 Mn}_{\rm 2} {\rm I}_{{\rm 4,g}} {\rm + 1/4P}_{{\rm 4,g}} {\rm + H}_{{\rm 2,g}} $$\end{document}.
    Notes: Transportexperimente mit CrP sowie MnP unter Zusatz von Iod als Transportmittel ergaben gut ausgebildete Kristalle, deren Größe maximal V ≍ 50 mm3 (CrP), bzw. 1 ≍ 10 mm (MnP) erreichte.CrP wird in der weniger heißen Zone abgeschieden (1050 → 950°C). Bei Transportmitteldichten D ≤ 26 · 10-6 [mol I2/cm3] liegt CrP neben CrI2,1 in der Senke vor. Modellrechnungen erlauben eine Eingrenzung der Bildungsenthalpie ΔnBH298o(CrPs) = -25,5 ± 2 [kcal/mol] anhand der experimentell ermittelten Zusammensetzungen der Gleichgewichtsbodenkörper; sie zeigen ferner, daß die Löslichkeit von CrP in der Gasphase durch CrI2,g, Cr2I4,g, P2,g und P4,g bedingt wird und I2,g, HIg, PI3,g und P2I4,g als Transportmittel anzusehen sind.MnP wandert im Temperaturgradienten (1000 → 1100°C) aufgrund einer exothermen Reaktion, wobei im Quellenraum neben MnP auch MnI2,1 auftreten kann. Thermodynamische Modellrechnungen zum chemischen Transport von MnP mit Iod geben die beobachteten Transportraten und die Phasenverhältnisse im Bodenkörper gut wieder. Danach ist das heterogene Gleichgewicht\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm MnP}_{\rm s} + 2{\rm HI}_{\rm g} {\rm = 1/2 Mn}_{\rm 2} {\rm I}_{{\rm 4,g}} {\rm + 1/4P}_{{\rm 4,g}} {\rm + H}_{{\rm 2,g}} $$\end{document} entscheidend.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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