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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0375-9474
    Keywords: Nuclear reactions
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; long-term experiments ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus balance ; phosphorus dynamics ; soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fate of phosphorus (P) derived from mineral fertilisers and organic manures, and the effective P balance, have been assessed in three long-term field experiments at Rothamsted (UK), Bad Lauchstaedt (Germany) and Skierniewice (Poland). This paper discusses the plant availability, uptake and overall utilisation of P over the last 30 years, based on soil test P ‘availability indices’ and crop analyses determined by the standard methods used in each of the three countries. The data suggest that differences in soil type significantly influence the dynamics of P at the three locations, but most significantly between a loess Chernozem at Bad Lauchstaedt with a high organic matter content and the soils at the other two locations which have a low organic matter content. The application of P either as inorganic fertiliser or organic manure had a considerable influence on the availablity, uptake, leaching or fixing of P, but the crop recovery rate of P from mineral fertiliser did not exceed 35% with the smallest recovery (average 18%) occurring in the soil with the highest clay content at Rothamsted. At Bad Lauchstaedt and Rothamsted the most efficient utilisation of P (averages of 47% and 37%, respectively) was from soils treated with farmyard manure (FYM), with the greater quantity of P either leached or fixed (8 and 25 kg ha-1 y-1, respectively) occurring in soils treated with superphosphate. At Skierniewice, however, the reverse was true. Overall, the most efficient crop utilisation from mineral P (30% average) was from the loamy sand at Skierniewice. P balances for the three locations show that quantitatively, for the same P input, the amount of P either leached from or fixed in the plough layer of Broadbalk field, Rothamsted, was 2–3 times greater than at Skierniewice and 3–6 times greater than at Bad Lauchstaedt. The results suggest that differences in the soil physico-chemical properties, climate, the availability of other major nutrients, and the form in which P is applied, all influence the effectiveness of P fertilisation and P balance. The investigation highlights the importance of maintaining long-term field experiments and archived soil and crop samples on a world-wide basis for understanding nutrient cycling and fertility dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Long-term experiments ; Nutrient uptake ; Potassium balance ; Potassium dynamics ; Soil potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study quantitatively assesses the fate of K derived from mineral fertilizers and organic manures and the effective K balance in three long-term field experiments at Rothamsted (UK), Bad Lauchstaedt (Germany) and Skierniewice (Poland). Plant availability, uptake and the overall utilization of K over the last 30 years (1965–1996) are discussed and related to soil K Availability Indices determined by the standard methods used in each of the three countries. In addition, to provide a standard comparison of the three sites, Exchangeable K (1 M NH4OAc) and Non-exchangeable K (K extracted by boiling with 1 M HNO3) were measured on one recent (1995) set of soil samples. Plant availability and utilization of K was partly related to clay content, but more closely to the cation exchange surfaces associated with both mineral and organic constituents and also, at Rothamsted, to the capacity of clay minerals to fix K. The recovery rate of K from mineral fertilizer by crops did not exceed 62%. Fertilizers were least effective in the most strongly K fixing soil at Rothamsted (44% maximum) and most effective in the soil with the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) at Bad Lauchstaedt (62%), where the greater quantity of exchange sites appear to be associated with humic material. Recoveries of K from farmyard manure (FYM) varied from 22–117% (values of 〉100% indicating subsoil uptake or the release of reserves). Deficiencies of N, P and Mg in some treatments decreased the effectiveness of applied K and may have caused increased leaching of K from the plough layer. FYM was generally more effective than mineral fertilizer where mineral N and P were not applied because these nutrients were effectively supplied in the manure. But the effectiveness of mineral K fertilizer decreased when applied in combination with FYM because FYM was the preferred source of K. Where FYM application increased the CEC of soils, this also improved K utilization but only where K was not extensively leached or fixed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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