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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 71 (1991), S. 156-162 
    ISSN: 0922-338X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ti0.5Al0.5N alloy films, typically 1.5 μm thick, were grown on MgO(001) at temperatures Ts between 400 and 850 °C by ultra-high-vacuum reactive magnetron sputtering in pure N2. Films grown at Ts between (approximately-equal-to)480 and 560 °C were single crystals in which the lattice misfit strain was partially relieved by glide of 〈001〉 misfit dislocations, with Burgers vector =a0/2〈011〉, on {011¯} planes. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy investigation showed no evidence of residual extended defects in the films until thicknesses of (approximately-equal-to)150 nm at which point threading dislocations, oriented along the [001] growth direction, were observed. Surface-initiated spinodal decomposition, resulting in the formation of compositionally modulated NaCl-structure platelets along [001] with width (approximately-equal-to)1 nm, occurred over a narrow growth temperature range between 540 and 560 °C as a precursor to bulk phase separation of wurtzite-structure AlN at Ts≥560 °C. The alloy was continuously depleted of AlN at higher growth temperatures until the equilibrium two-phase structure, cubic TiN and wurtzite AlN, was obtained at Ts≥750 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 816-823 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations study the spontaneous fast reconnection evolution in a force-free current sheet system where the magnetic field simply rotates by 180 deg across the central current sheet without changing its magnitude. It is demonstrated that, as in the conventional coplanar case, the fast reconnection mechanism drastically evolves because of the positive feedback between (current-driven) anomalous resistivity and global reconnection flow; also, the fast reconnection evolution becomes more drastic for the lower plasma β. Once an anomalous resistivity is ignited and a sufficient amount of the sheared field component Bz is ejected from near the X reconnection point, the ambient magnetic field collapses into the X point, giving rise to the drastic buildup of the fast reconnection mechanism. On the nonlinear saturation phase, the Bz field is completely swept away from the reconnection region, so that coplanar slow shocks extend outward, and a large-scale plasmoid swells and propagates. The resulting plasmoid has a double structure that is quite different from the well-known coplanar one or from the so-called flux rope. In the backward half of the plasmoid, the plasma pressure is enhanced in the butterfly-shaped region, and (coplanar) slow shocks stand along the plasmoid boundary. On the other hand, in the forward half of the plasmoid a finite-amplitude intermediate wave stands along the plasmoid boundary; hence, across the plasmoid boundary, the magnetic field simply rotates without changing plasma quantities nor magnetic field magnitude. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 2417-2424 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In contrast to the Petschek reconnection model, the plasma outflow jet in front of the plasmoid associated with the spontaneous fast reconnection model is found to exceed steadily the Alfvén velocity measured in the upstream magnetic field region. According to two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations, the final velocity of the plasma jet is observed to be superfast and can reach 1.4 times of the Alfvén velocity, which is maintained until the jet encounters a fast shock generated in front of the plasmoid. On the basis of the Rankine Hugoniot relation and the Bernoulli equation, it is theoretically found that the superfast plasma jet generated by slow shocks associated with the reconnection process is effectively accelerated beyond the Alfvén velocity by the adiabatic expansion of the plasma jet without any magnetic effect. In the plasma accelerations, the initial plasma acceleration caused in the slow shock is consistent with that of the Petschek reconnection model, but the subsequent plasma acceleration caused by the adiabatic expansion is not considered in his model. In association with the new acceleration mechanism, one pair of low-pressure regions emerges in the upstream magnetic field region. The generation of the low-pressure regions indicates that the significant adiabatic expansion results from the distortion of the surrounding magnetic field lines associated with the swelling plasmoid. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 853-862 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The spontaneous evolution of fast reconnection is studied in three dimensions by extending (in the z direction) the previous two-dimensional model that considered only the x-y plane [M. Ugai, Phys. Fluids B 4, 2953 (1992)]. It is demonstrated that the reconnection development strongly depends on three-dimensional effects; only when the central current sheet is sufficiently long in the z direction, say more than a few times larger than the current sheet width, the fast reconnection mechanism fully develops by the self-consistent coupling between the global reconnection flow and the current-driven anomalous resistivity. In this case, the reconnection flow can grow so powerfully as to enhance the current density (the current-driven resistivity) locally near an X line; otherwise, such a vital reconnection flow cannot be caused. The resulting quasisteady fast reconnection mechanism is significantly confined in the z direction, where a strong (Alfvénic) plasma jet results from standing switch-off shocks; accordingly, a large-scale plasmoid is formed and propagates in the middle of the system. It is concluded that the well-known two-dimensional spontaneous fast reconnection model can reasonably be extended to three dimensions. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994), S. 296-307 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It was recently found that noncoplanar slow shocks stood in the sheared fast reconnection configuration. Hence, the present one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations with high numerical resolution study the temporal dynamics of MHD shocks, from a slow shock to a weak intermediate shock, that are placed in a noncoplanar situation. It is shown that for any case the noncoplanar shock structure can be sustained by physical dissipations involved. The resulting noncoplanar slow shock structure is, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in good agreement with the two-dimensional shock transition layer associated with the sheared fast reconnection mechanism. The one-dimensional noncoplanar slow or (subfast) intermediate shock structure is eventually bifurcated into an intermediate wave and a coplanar slow shock as a result of magnetic field rotation. In general, any stable shock must be coplanar, and in actual systems strictly coplanar boundary conditions ahead of and behind a shock cannot be provided nor sustained. Hence we propose a criterion, required for a stable shock to be realized, such that the (coplanar) shock must survive and hence be derived as an eventual solution in noncoplanar situations. It is argued that the present simulation results as well as the previous ones should be interpreted and reconsidered on the basis of this criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 1614-1619 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have developed a reflection optical second harmonic (SH) microscope as a new surface probe. Using the combination of the developed SH microscope, a near infrared microscope, a confocal laser microscope, a Raman microprobe spectrometer, and an electron probe microanalyzer for x-ray fluorescence, we have observed microstructures on cleaved GaAs(110) surfaces. We have demonstrated that slab structures on these surfaces are unambiguously identified by the analysis using a combination of these microscopes. We have found that the reflection SH microscope is especially sensitive to the slab structures. The enhancement of second harmonic generation by the slab structure could be well accounted for by an electromagnetic calculation of the SH intensity. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 28 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 28 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 28 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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