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Replication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in trout leucocytes and detection of the carrier state (1982)

YU, K.K-Y. ; MACDONALD, R.D. ; MOORE, ANNE R.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish diseases 5 (1982), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2761

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract. The exact cellular site of replication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in carrier fish is unknown. In order to determine if IPNV replicates in trout leucocytes, we purified leucocytes from normal (non-carrier) trout and separated the cells into an adherent and a non-adherent population. IPNV replicated in less than 0-01 % of the adherent leucocytes with a yield of about 400 p.f.u./cell. IPNV also became associated with less than 0.07% of the non-adherent leucocytes; either IPNV did not replicate in these cells or the yield was, at best, only a few p.f.u./cell. Trout persistently infected with IPNV (carrier fish) were tested for the presence of IPNV in leucocytes by co-cultivating with a sensitive fish cell line; this same population of trout was also tested for IPNV by organ sampling using standard methods. Ninety-eight per cent of the trout were positive for IPNV by organ sampling, but only 75 % yielded IPNV from leucocytes. Thus a blood sample from a living fish can be used to detect the presence of IPNV.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1982.tb00496.x

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Voluntary childlessness: A review of the evidence and implications (1982)

Bloom, David E. ; Pebley, Anne R.

Springer

Population research and policy review 1 (1982), S. 203-224

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ISSN: 1573-7829

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Sociology

Notes: Abstract This paper reviews evidence on the incidence, correlates, and implications of voluntary childlessness in the United States. Overall, the evidence points toward the increasing prevalence of this phenomenon, with some analysts projecting that as much as 30 percent of recent cohorts of American women will remain permanently childless. These high rates are shown to be similar in magnitude to rates of childlessness projected for recent cohorts of women in several European countries with fertility patterns comparable to those of the United States. Explanations for the increasing prevalence of childlessness are also considered. The second half of this paper examines existing evidence on the correlates of voluntary childlessness. In this connection, special attention is paid to education, area of residence, labor force status, income, and geographic mobility. This section also explores the implications of increasing childlessness and selected ways to redistribute the cost of children.