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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression correlate with inhibition of outgrowth of chick facial primordia induced by retinoic acid (1997)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 195 (1997), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions ; Chick embryo ; Homeobox-containing gene ; Facial morphogenesis ; Facial defect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Spatially-restricted expression domains of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the developing chick face suggest that they may play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions governing outgrowth of facial primordia. Retinoid application to developing chick faces reproducibly inhibits upper beak outgrowth but the lower beak is unaffected. In the normal face, high levels of Msx gene transcripts in upper and lower beak primordia correlate with regions of outgrowth. Following retinoid treatment, Msx 1 and Msx 2 transcripts are rapidly down-regulated in upper beak primordia where outgrowth is inhibited, but remain largely unchanged in lower beak primordia, where outgrowth is unaffected. Decreases in gene expression precede retinoid-induced morphological changes in the upper beak, suggesting that Msx gene products are involved in mediating the effect of retinoids on facial development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050039
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arctic soils and the ITEX experiment (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The objectives of this paper are broadly to examine arctic soils and specifically to examine soil properties at ITEX sites. The Arctic is dominated by cold, wet, shallow soils often characterized by surficial organic horizons. Seven of 11 soil orders in Soil Taxonomy are present in the circumarctic and alpine zones of the ITEX Project. Soil organic matter is highly correlated to soil carbon (sink or source of atmospheric CO2), soil moisture (surficial energy balance), and soil nitrogen (plant limiting nutrient). Because of these vital roles, soil organic matter is a keystone that will influence the future response of arctic ecosystems to climate change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb137.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial aggregation of pathotypes of barley powdery mildew (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Aggregation in the distribution of pathotypes of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei, the barley powdery mildew pathogen, was investigated in field plots of ‘Golden Promise’, ‘Proctor’ and ‘Tyra’. ‘Golden Promise’ and ‘Proctor’ have no effective mildew resistance alleles, whereas ‘Tyra’ has Mla1, which was only effective against a proportion of the mildew population. Isolates of mildew were sampled according to a grid sampling scheme and their virulence spectra ascertained in order to group them according to pathotype. The populations were very diverse, and evidence for aggregation (quantified using join counts) was found only in the ‘Tyra’ plots, at distances of up to 1m. This aggregation was reduced in a subsequent sample. The results are consistent with a model in which mildew epidemics are started by a large number of initial infections, which then form diffuse, overlapping aggregations of clones. These aggregations then become more diffuse, so that the amount of aggregation reduces with time. The greater amount of aggregation seen in the ‘Tyra’ plots might have been caused by there being less initial inoculum with virulence towards that cultivar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-84.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colonic spread of three rectally administered mesalazine (Pentasa) dosage forms in healthy volunteers as assessed by gamma scintigraphy (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Rectal administration of enemas, foams and suppositories is the most efficient method of delivering locally-acting drugs to the distal colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. Healthy volunteers provide an effective population to compare different formulations for rectal drug delivery. However, there is still only limited comparative information available on the dispersion of such dosage forms in human subjects. Therefore, the objective of this scintigraphic study was to compare colonic spread of an enema, a rectal foam and a suppository formulation in healthy volunteers. Methods: This was a randomized, crossover study in eight healthy male volunteers. Each received Pentasa rectal formulations as either a 100 mL suspension enema (1 g mesalazine), one actuation of a non-CFC propellant rectal foam (1 g mesalazine in 5 mL concentrate, expanding to 40 mL on actuation), or one suppository (1 g mesalazine) on three separate occasions. The spread of the radiolabelled formulations was assessed over a 4-h period by gamma scintigraphy. Results: The formulations were retained by all subjects for the whole of the 4-h imaging period. The enema spread to the splenic flexure in 7 out of 8 subjects, but was retained in the rectum and sigmoid colon in one individual. The foam spread as far as the descending colon in four subjects. In the remaining individuals the foam was retained in the rectum and sigmoid colon. The spread of the suppository was limited and confined to the rectum. Conclusions: The findings of this study are consistent with previous research and support the intended clinical uses of the enema, foam and suppository formulations to treat distal ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis and proctitis, respectively. The results highlight the potential of gamma scintigraphy in providing in vivo `proof of concept' data to help verify the targeting of pharmaceutical products to their intended site of delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00193.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticosteroid and thyroid responses of larval and juvenile turbot exposed to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 50 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Turbot larvae (24–590 degree C days; 2–32 days post-hatch) and juveniles (1345 degree C days; 98 days post-hatch), were exposed for 6 h to 25, 33 and 50% water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil in either static or flow-through test systems. Larvae showed generalized primary endocrine responses, identified by elevated whole body cortisol content from as early as 2 days post-hatch. In older larvae and juveniles, the response was related to the WSF concentration. This dose-response relationship was not apparent in younger and yolk-sac larvae. Whole body thyroxine content of turbot larvae exposed to the WSF of crude oil was increased, but triiodothyronine content remained stable. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) and naphthalenes] remained constant during flow-through tests, but 65% of the initial level of BTEX hydrocarbons and 40% of the naphthalenes were lost during static exposures. Larval mortalities increased with exposure to an increasing concentration of crude oil WSF. Larval activity was significantly reduced even at the lowest WSF concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01621.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does the western Irish Sea gyre influence the distribution of pelagic juvenile fish? (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 51 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The western Irish Sea is an important spawning and nursery ground for many commercially exploited fish. Spawning begins in the Irish coastal regions in early spring, and moves offshore as the season develops. As a result of the onset of seasonal heating in spring, stratification isolates a dome of cold bottom winter water in the deep (〉100 m) basin of the western Irish Sea. The resultant density fields drive a cyclonic gyre which dominates the circulation of the region during late spring and summer and is characterized by anticlockwise current speeds which exceed 0.2 ms–1, after removal of tides. Surveys of pelagic juvenile (0-group) fish in 1994, 1995 and 1996, showed that they were coincident with the centre of the gyre. Physical data from 1994 and 1995, were used to describe the horizontal and vertical structure of the water column and the associated circulation regime. The behaviour and swimming speeds of pelagic juvenile fish were insufficient to explain their apparent shift in abundance away from the coast to the central western Irish Sea. Drifter and current data suggested that their entrainment into the gyre could provide both the transport and retention mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb06100.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma surface modification of advanced organic fibres: Part V Effects on the mechanical properties of aramid/phenolic composites (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 2599-2604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018654501851
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Salmonella Dublin and Salmonella Typhimurium (Copenhagen) Isolates from Cattle (1997)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 21 (1997), S. 409-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: aerobactin ; antibiotic ; capsule ; cattle ; colicin ; haemolysin ; plasmid ; Salmonella ; spvC gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brackelsberg, C.A., Nolan, L.K. and Brown, J., 1997. Characterization of Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates from cattle. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (6), 409-420 Eight Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) and eight Salmonella dublin isolates from cattle were compared by their antibiotic resistance patterns, by their production of colicin, aerobactin, haemolysin and capsule, by their possession of transmissible R plasmids and the spvC gene, and by their ability to invade and replicate within cultured epithelial cells. The two groups differed in their antibiotic resistance profiles, with more of the host-adapted S. dublin isolates resistant to tetracycline than were the non-host-adapted S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) group, but more of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates resistant to the other antibiotics tested. None of the isolates produced colicin, but all produced aerobactin. One isolate in each group was encapsulated. All of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) and S. dublin isolates contained plasmids, and all of them contained the spvC-homologous sequences. Four of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates were able to transfer an R plasmid to a recipient organism by conjugation. One of the five S. dublin isolates, which showed resistance to some of the antibiotics tested, was able to transfer an R plasmid by conjugation. Both groups of isolates invaded cultured epithelial cells to a similar degree after 1 h, but the S. dublin isolates reached significantly higher levels within the cells than did S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) after 9 h. This ability may, in part, explain the association of S. dublin with more severe forms of salmonellosis and prolonged carrier states. Further study of the intracellular growth of these isolates seems warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005803301827
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic drugs by the hypoxic cytotoxic agent tirapazamine (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 39 (1997), S. 361-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Tirapazamine ; Carboplatin ; Cyclophosphamide ; Doxorubicin ; Etoposide ; Navelbine ; 5-Fluorouracil ; Taxol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose: Preclinical studies were performed to examine the interaction of the hypoxic cell toxin tirapazamine (TPZ), a benzotriazine di-N-oxide, with several chemotherapeutic agents, including carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), taxol, and navelbine. Methods: The modification by TPZ of the antitumor drug activity and the effect of schedule were determined with an in vivo/in vitro clonogenic assay using well-established RIF-1 murine tumors transplanted into C3H mice. Results: Additive, or greater than additive, tumor cell killing was observed when TPZ was combined with carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, 5-FU and taxol. With the exception of 5-FU there were only small, or no, enhancements of the systemic toxicities of the drugs by TPZ. The greatest enhancement of antitumor activity was with carboplatin, with the maximum effectiveness when TPZ was given 2–3 h before the carboplatin. The activity of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide and taxol were most enhanced when TPZ was given 24 h before the drug. Additional investigations with three-drug combination treatments using cisplatin and TPZ with either etoposide or navelbine indicated a substantial therapeutic gain from the addition of TPZ. Conclusions: The data for each of the drugs tested in combination with TPZ, with the exception of 5-FU, indicate that potential clinical benefit may be obtained from therapies combining TPZ with conventional chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800050584
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spreading and Retention of Vaginal Formulations in Post-Menopausal Women as Assessed by Gamma Scintigraphy (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1073-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: vaginal delivery ; gamma scintigraphy ; bioadhesion ; pessary ; post-menopausal women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In this paper we report on the first scintigraphic evaluation of vaginal dosage forms in post-menopausal women. To date, almost nothing is known about the in vivo performance of pharmaceutical formulations in the human vagina, which is a major deficiency in the rational design of drug delivery systems for both existing and new indications. Methods. The vaginal spreading and clearance of a radiolabelled pessary formulation and Replens® (polycarbophil) gel, was assessed in six healthy, post-menopausal female volunteers over a six hour period using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. Results. In five out of the six subjects studied, clearance of the two formulations exhibited very little intra-subject variation. However, there was considerable inter-subject variability in clearance; in Subject 5 circa 80% of the products were retained whilst in Subject 2 less than 2% was present at the end of the six hour imaging period. Importantly, there was no evidence to suggest that either of the formulations dispersed material beyond the cervix, into the uterus, in any of the subjects studied. Conclusions. The lack of significant retention of these products in most of the volunteers has obvious implications for the delivery of therapeutic agents. This study shows that gamma scintigraphy is an invaluable technique with which to assess novel formulations aimed at optimising retention in the vagina for topical or systemic drug delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012113714552
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