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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 7548-7551 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: A nondestructive evaluation technique based on the detection of the real part of the excess charge carrier wave by photoluminescence in a frequency range from 5 kHz up to 12 MHz is introduced for semiconductor defect analysis. Crystalline imperfections in silicon due to wafer manufacturing and processing are investigated and the results are correlated with those obtained from conventional photothermal measurements. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Demenz ; Epidemiologie ; Risikofaktoren ; Alter ; Geschlecht ; Bildung ; APOE-4 ; Neuropsychologische Tests ; Gedächtnis ; Key words Dementia ; Epidemiology ; Risk factors ; Age ; Gender ; Education ; APOE-4 ; Neuropsychological tests ; Memory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The frequency of dementia in very old subjects, the risk factors and the consequences of the disease were investigated in the Berlin Aging Study in an age- and gender-stratified design (ages 70–103 years, n=516). Psychiatrists diagnosed a dementia syndrome according to DSM-III-R, applying the GMS-A and HAS interviews. The dementia frequency steeply increases until the 90–94 year group, but there is no further exponential increase for the 95+ group – instead for men the data show a plateau of dementia prevalence. Low education level turned out to be a risk factor, which explains the gender effect in a logistic regression analysis. The apolipoprotein E4 genotype was confirmed as a risk factor – however, only for the older subjects (85+). Dementia was a major reason for institutionlization. The 2-year mortality was no higher in dementia than for age-matched non-demented controls. The results gave a detailed picture of dementia in the very old. This is a prerequisite for planning facilities for psychiatric diagnostics and therapy as well as nursing care.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Häufigkeit, Risikofaktoren und Auswirkungen der Demenz wurden in der Berliner Altersstudie (N=516, 70–103 Jahre, nach Alter und Geschlecht geschichtet) untersucht. Psychiater diagnostizierten das Demenzsyndrom nach DSM-III-R (GMS-A und HAS Interview). Die Demenzhäufigkeit steigt bis zum 95. Lebensjahr zwar steil an, jedoch findet sich kein exponentieller Anstieg über 95 Jahre hinaus – für Männer zeigen die Daten im Gegenteil ein Plateau der Demenzhäufigkeit. Niedrige Bildung ist ein Risikofaktor und erklärt den Geschlechtseffekt der Demenz in einer logistischen Regression. Der Genotyp E4 des Apolipoprotein E stellt ebenfalls einen Risikofaktor dar, der jedoch einen geringeren Einfluß hat als in der Literatur berichtet wird und nur bei den 85–103jährigen statistisch signifikant ist. Die Demenz ist eine Hauptursache für die Heimunterbringung im hohen Alter. Die 2-Jahres-Mortalität der dementen im Vergleich zu den nichtdementen Studienteilnehmern erwies sich nicht als erhöht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein differenziertes Bild der Demenz im hohen Lebensalter; diese Erkenntnisse sind eine Voraussetzung für die Planung psychiatrischer Versorgung und Pflege.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter99mTc-MDP-SPECT ; Unterkieferknochen ; Plattenepithelkarzinom ; Key words99mTC-MDP SPECT ; Mandibular bone ; Squamous (cell)carcinoma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A prospective study was performed to compare the sensitivity and accuracy of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as a bone scan to detect subclinical invasion of the mandible by squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and floor of mouth. Methods: The present study reports data on 35 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. SPECT, mandibular orthopantomography (OPG), US, CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed as well as histologic examination of resected mandibles. Transverse slices of 12 mm thickness were reconstructed for SPECT and semiquantitative assessment of radionuclide uptake was performed with a scoring system based on comparisons of tracer uptake in the mandible to that in an unaffected part of the mandible. Lesion to non-lesion count ratios in the mandible in 3 h SPECT images were calculated. OPG, US and CT were evaluated for comparison. Results: In 12/35 patients, histologic examination showed carcinoma infiltrating mandibular bone. SPECT correctly predicted mandibular invasion in 11/12 cases, with no false-positive results. CT detected correctly 3/12 lesions, while OPG and ultrasound each demonstrated 2/12 tumors. Conclusion: Bone SPECT was found to provide an accurate means for assessing tumor invasion to the mandible by intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. As a complementary study to one of the other imaging modalities it was shown to have a high specificity, indicating that it should be performed routinely in patients with suspect mandibular bone involvement by causes.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Kleine Läsionen der Mandibula durch Plattenepithelkarzinome des Mundraums entgehen oft den bildgebenden Verfahren, sind aber für die Therapie von großer Bedeutung. In einer prospektiven Studie überprüften wir die Wertigkeit von Sonographie, Orthopantomographie und Computertomographie (CT) zur Darstellung knöcherner Läsionen und verglichen sie mit der 99mTechnetium-Methylendiphosphonat-Single-Photon-Emission-Computertomographie (99mTc-MDP-SPECT); 35 Patienten mit an die Mandibula grenzenden Karzinomen wurden präoperativ den genannten Untersuchungsmethoden unterzogen. Im Rahmen des Stagings wurde eine 99mTc-MDP-Skelettszintigraphie durchgeführt. Anschließend fand eine SPECT des Gesichtsschädels statt und wurde für die Region des Unterkiefers qualitativ und quantitativ ausgewertet. Anhand der Histologie der Mandibula bewerteten wir die Sensitivität und Spezifität der bildgebenden Verfahren. Histologisch wiesen 12/35 Patienten Karzinominfiltrationen der Mandibula auf; 2/12 (17%) Läsionen wurden präoperativ mittels OPG und sonographisch, 3/12 (25%) mittels CT nachgewiesen. Die SPECT zeigte bei 11 Patienten Mehrbelegungen im Bereich des makroskopisch sichtbaren Tumors. Hier konnte bei allen 11 Patienten postoperativ histologisch eine Arrosion bestätigt werden. Bei 1/12 Patienten (8%) mit histologischer Periostarrosion fand sich keine Radionuklidmehrbelegung. Die hohe Sensitivität der 99mTc-MDP-SPECT zum Nachweis ossärer Läsionen wertet die Skelettszintigraphie mit SPECT im Staging des Mundbodenkarzinoms erheblich auf.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Mitochondriale Zytopathien ; Atmungskettendefekte ; Pyruvatdehydrogenasemangel ; Kofaktorsupplementation ; Therapie ; Key words Mitochondrial cytopathies ; Respiratory chain deficiency ; Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency ; Cofactor supplementation ; Therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Diagnostic tools for the studies of mitochondrial disorders of energy metabolism such as biochemical and molecular genetic techniques, have increased our knowledge on the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial cytopathies (MC) and have enabled new insights in the etiology and pathogenesis of these heterogeneous multisystem disorders. In contrast, the therapeutical influence on the usually progressive clinical courses are very limited. A causal therapy has to take into account that biochemical defects are heterogeneous (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate carboxylase, respiratory chain complexes), frequently show tissue-specific and/or time-depending expression and may occur in combination with each other. To this date the following therapeutical principals have been used: (1) decrease of the endogenic generation of toxic intermediates (by dietary measures); (2) increase of residual enzymatic activities (by enzyme cofactors or activators); (3) bridging the enzyme defects (by electron acceptors/donators); and (4) antioxidative and membrane-protective measures. This review presents the mechanisms of agents used so far, and discusses their therapeutical effectiveness according to the data from the literature and our experience with 26 patients suffering from different types of MC. It is shown that patients with pure myopathic manifestations of complex I deficiency as well as cardiomyopathy caused by carnitine depletion exhibit the greatest benefit from cofactor supplementation. The clinical course of patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome may be influenced by various therapeutical procedures. In patients with diseases showing a predominantly encephalopathic presentation (like Leigh syndrome), disturbed lactate/pyruvate metabolism tends to normalise under treatment. The therapeutical influence on the clinical course however, is at best limited to temporary improvement or delaying progression. Nevertheless, effects of any particular therapy can not be predicted easily in any individual at any stage of the disease. Thus, therapeutical trials are justified because of the low rate of side effects. Gene therapeutical strategies hopefully will offer more effective treatments.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Während enorme Fortschritte in der Aufklärung von Ätiologie und Pathogenese mitochondrialer Zytopathien (MC) erzielt wurden, sind die Möglichkeiten, die progredienten Multisystemerkrankungen therapeutisch zu beeinflussen, begrenzt. Eine kausalorientierte Therapie muß berücksichtigen, daß die biochemischen Defekte heterogen sind (Pyruvatdehydrogenase, Pyruvatarboxylase, Atmungskettenkomplexe), gewebespezifische und/oder zeitabhängige Expression zeigen und kombiniert auftreten können. Therapieprinzipien sind 1. Reduktion der endogenen Produktion von toxischen Metaboliten (durch diätetische Maßnahmen), 2. Erhöhung der enzymatischen Restaktivität (durch Kofaktoren bzw. Enzymaktivatoren), 3. Überbrückung von Enzymdefekten (durch Elektronenakzeptoren bzw. -donatoren) und 4. antioxidative und membranoprotektive Maßnahmen. Diese Übersicht stellt die Wirkmechanismen verschiedener Substanzen vor und diskutiert ihre therapeutischen Wirksamkeiten anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Erfahrungen bei 26 Patienten. Patienten mit myopathischen Verlaufsformen von Komplex I-Defekten, Kearns-Sayre- Syndrom und mit auf sekundärem Karnitinmangel beruhenden Kardiomyopathien profitieren am stärksten von Supplementationsmaßnahmen. Bei Patienten mit enzephalopathischen Manifestationsformen (z. B. Leigh-Syndrom) werden zwar häufig Normalisierungstendenzen des gestörten Laktat-Pyruvat-Stoffwechsels beobachtet, doch wird die klinische Symptomatik allenfalls vorübergehend gebessert oder die Progredienz gemildert. Im Einzelfall sind die therapeutischen Effekte nicht vorhersagbar, sodaß angesichts der geringen Nebenwirkungsraten Therapieversuche gerechtfertigt sind. Gentherapeutische Strategien lassen effektivere Behandlungsmaßnahmen erwarten.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 99 (1997), S. 612-615 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is a genetically heterogeneous bone disorder caused by genes segregating on human chromosomes 8, 11, and 19 and designated EXT1, EXT2 and EXT3, respectively. Recently, the EXT1 gene has been isolated and partially characterized and appears to encode a tumor suppressor gene. We have identified six mutations in the human EXT1 gene from six unrelated multiple exostoses families segregating for the EXT gene on chromosome 8. One of the mutations we detected is the same 1-bp deletion in exon 6 that was previously reported in two independent EXT families. The other five mutations, in exons 1, 6, 9, and the splice junction at the 3′ end of exon 2, are novel. In each case, the mutation is likely to result in a truncated or nonfunctional EXT1 protein. These results corroborate and extend the previous report of mutations in this gene in two EXT families, and provide additional support for the EXT1 gene as the cause of hereditary multiple exostoses in families showing linkage to chromosome 8.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The past two decades have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of chemical processes in living organisms. This is mainly a result of the massive advances in the fields of cell and molecular biology. These techniques are highly relevant to the biomaterials sector, as they offer the scientist the possibility to better understand the mechanisms involved in the interactions between cells and a material surface—a prerequisite for the rational development of medical devices with optimal biocompatibility. The purpose of the present article is to explain the rationale of the cell and molecular biological approach to biomaterial research and to present typical examples from the authors’ laboratory, as well as from the literature, to illustrate its application. Important aspects of interfacial biology, including the underlying biological mechanisms and methodology, are presented. Of the latter the combination of morphological techniques with methods of cell and molecular biology as well as molecular genetics (so-called “combinative techniques”) are particularly useful. The applicability of this approach is illustrated from a study on the pathomechanisms of metal ion-induced inflammation. In addition, the approach is essential to the development of targeted intervention strategies, as for example in the luminal surface modification of vascular prostheses to permit endothelial cell seeding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The increasing number of patients requiring prosthetic substitution of segments of the vascular system strongly supports the need to optimize a relevant, standardized testing panel for new materials designed for synthetic vascular prostheses. The ISO gives the standard requirements for testing biomaterials provided for implantation. Our primary interest was the establishment of a reliable in vitro panel as a useful and relevant screening system for vascular implant devices to evaluate blood/device interactions under flow conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate influences of different flow conditions on blood cell–biomaterial interactions with special emphasis on the interactions of human granulocytes (PMN) and polymeric surfaces. PMN were isolated and vital cells were quantified by flow cytometrical analysis directly before, as well as immediately after the experiments. The viscosity of the final cellular suspension was analysed by using a computerized cone-plate rheometer. As reference materials we used FEP-teflon, PVC-DEHD, PU, PP and PE. Dacron and ePTFE synthetic vascular protheses were tested in a comparative way to those references. The adhesion processes were observed over a period of 40 minutes under arterial (shear stress 0.74 Pa) and venous (shear stress 0.16 Pa) flow conditions in a parallel plate flow chamber system under highly standardized conditions and laminar flow. The cells were observed with the help of inverse light microscopy. Cell behaviour was recorded and analysed in both analogue (video) and digital (imaging system) modes. Samples of the cell suspensions were obtained at regular time intervals and analysed by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify LTB4 release. Irrespective of the material, approximately 3 to 4 times more PMN adhered to the biomaterial surfaces under venous flow conditions compared to the arterial. Shear intensity did not influence the running order of biomaterials with respect to cell numbers. This response in descending order at the end of the experiments was as follows: PU, PVC-DEHD, PP, PE and ePTFE. The biochemical analyses indicate that in the system used only a weak effect on LTB4 release induced by the different materials could be determined. A significant effect caused by flow conditions was not observed. Further experiments, both static as well as dynamic, must be performed for multiple, relevant parameters of haemocompatibility, for potential biomaterials as well as those currently in use in vascular prostheses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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