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  • 1995-1999  (7)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1999  (7)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric field induced surface modification of Au (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 8170-8177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We discuss the role of localized high electric fields in the modification of Au surfaces with a W probe using the interfacial force microscope. Upon bringing a probe close to a Au surface, we measure both the interfacial force and the field emission current as a function of separation with a constant potential of 100 V between tip and sample. The current initially increases exponentially as the separation decreases. However, at a distance of less than ∼500 Å, the current rises sharply as the surface begins to distort and rapidly close the gap. Retraction of the tip before contact is made reveals the formation of a mound on the surface. We propose a simple model, in which the localized high electric field under the tip assists the production of mobile Au adatoms by detachment from surface steps, and a radial field gradient causes a net flux of atoms toward the tip by surface diffusion. These processes give rise to an unstable surface deformation which, if left unchecked, results in a destructive mechanical contact. We discuss our findings with respect to earlier work using voltage pulses in the scanning tunneling microscope as a means of nanofabrication. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370656
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintaining the status quo: federal government budget deficits and defensive rent-seeking (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of the present study is to test the hypothesis alluded to by Tullock, within the context of defensive rent-seeking efforts developed by others (e.g. McChesney). Here, we test the idea that defensive rent seeking efforts (or rent-defending) to maintain the status quo augment offensive rent-seeking (all proxied by real campaign contributions to US House/Senate candidates, 1976-1992) during federal budgetary climates of deficit-cutting (budget-balancing). When a panel estimator is properly used, our econometric evidence confirms our hypothesis. Evidence from a Parks regression technique suggests that total rent-seeking is positively related to the amount of federal spending, as others have shown, but that rent-seeking efforts increase when federal budget deficits are reduced, threatening existing spending patterns and rents. Perhaps an unintended consequence of deficit-reduction efforts, holding government spending constant, is an increase in the size of the rent-seeking industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910252566
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adaptive Gauss-Newton algorithm for training multilayer nonlinear filters that have embedded memory (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 407-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe herein a new means of training dynamic multilayer nonlinear adaptive filters, orneural networks. We restrict our discussion to multilayer dynamic Volterra networks, which are structured so as to restrict their degrees of computational freedom, based on a priori knowledge about the dynamic operation to be emulated. The networks consist of linear dynamic filters together with nonlinear generalized single-layer subnets. We describe how a Newton-like optimization strategy can be applied to these dynamic architectures and detail a newmodified Gauss-Newton optimization technique. The new training algorithm converges faster and to a smaller value of cost than backpropagation-through-time for a wide range of adaptive filtering applications. We apply the algorithm to modeling the inverse of a nonlinear dynamic tracking system. The superior performance of the algorithm over standard techniques is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200791
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of a Mammalian Promoter Through Changes in Patterns of Transcription Factor Binding (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 48 (1999), S. 252-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006463
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiproduct Outputs and Scale Economies in Electric Power Production: Some New Estimates (1999)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 15 (1999), S. 65-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Economies of scale ; electric power production ; translog cost function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The present study offers an argument, through a technical exposition, which suggests that there are cost differences inherent in serving different types of buyers in the electric utilities industry. To this end, we employ a translog joint cost function (for electricity production) with three outputs, which allows for the examination of the cost differences between wholesale and retail trade for vertically integrated, investor-owned companies in the industry. The regression estimates suggest different costs at the means, however the estimated marginal cost curve for wholesale power is not as robust as those for low-voltage and industrial power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007761311872
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The functional intronless S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene of the mouse (Amd-2) is linked to the ornithine decarboxylase gene (Odc) on Chromosome 12 and is present in distantly related species of the genus Mus (1999)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 10 (1999), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines. We have previously identified a mouse AdoMetDC gene that exhibits the hallmarks of a retroposon; that is, it has no introns, is flanked by direct repeats, and has a poly(dA) tract at its 3′-end. This gene, termed Amd-2, is not a processed pseudogene; rather, it is transcribed in a variety of mouse tissues and encodes a functional enzyme. In the current report, we present the sequence of a 6.7-kb genomic segment of the Amd-2 locus. Several sequences of interest, including an intercisternal A particle (IAP) element, a transposon-related sequence, and several expressed sequence tags (ESTs), were found within or near Amd-2. We also show, through analysis of an interspecific backcross, that Amd-2 is located on Chr 12, tightly linked to the gene (Odc) that encodes ornithine decarboxylase, another key enzyme in polyamine synthesis. Finally, we show that Amd-2 is present among several divergent species of the genus Mus. Thus, the integration event that generated Amd-2 may have occurred early during Mus evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003359901092
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of retention times of homologous series in temperature programmed gas chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 509-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Homologous series ; Retention times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is shown how to estimate the retention times of homologous series members in linear temperature programmed gas chromatography with the aid of a spread-sheet. Both the ease of estimation and the accuracy of the estimation depend on whether the homologue is eluted during the rising portion of the temperature program or the hold time at the end, and also on whether the homologous series is eluted from one injection or a number of injections. When all members of the series elute in the one chromatographic run the percentage standard deviation of the predicted retention times from the experimental retention times is 0.1. When members of the series elute in different chromatographic runs, the percentage standard deviation of predicted times from experimental times is 0.6, compared with an experimental percentage standard deviation for replicates of 0.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467750
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