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  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 2001  (3)
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  • 2000-2004  (3)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 9 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Owing to their low bargaining power and high negotiation costs, microstates face severe disadvantages when dealing with the outside world. Forming a group with neighboring nations might be an effective instrument to address this problem. This paper presents a model in which the decision to form, expand or join a regional club is based on negotiation costs and bargaining power rather than on the traditional costs and benefits of trade integration. The model is used to determine the optimal and the equilibrium group size under various entry conditions. The welfare implications of the entry conditions are also examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 1924-1926 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report electromodulated reflectance spectra in n-i-p solar cells with hydrogenated amorphous silicon–germanium alloy absorber layers. At lower photon energies the spectra are determined by bulk electroabsorption, and exhibit peaks near the optical gap of the absorber layers. Voltage scaling of the electroabsorption spectra indicate a built-in potential of Vbi=1.17 V in cells with absorber layer band gaps of 1.50 eV; in conjunction with earlier work, this value argues against a systematic decline in Vbi with an absorber layer band gap. At higher photon energies the spectra are due to direct electroreflectance; the voltage scaling was consistent with model predictions for the electric field at the interface of the p-type and absorber layers. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To further the understanding of the natural genetic diversity for disease resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) in Arabidopsis thaliana, quantitative trait loci analysis was undertaken on recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant accession Warschau-1 and the susceptible Columbia-0. Powdery mildew grew less well on Warschau-1, but the resistance was not associated with a specific block in the infection sequence. Two potential powdery mildew disease-resistance loci were identified and mapped, one with a major effect and one with a minor effect on disease resistance. The two loci acted in an additive manner to confer resistance, and together they explained 65% of the variation in resistance. In addition, the major powdery mildew disease-resistance locus was genetically mapped to the bottom of chromosome III, a region containing the powdery mildew resistance loci RPW7, RPW8 and RPW10. Unlike resistance mediated by the RPW8 locus in the accession Moscow-1, resistance in Warschau-1 was not correlated with the hypersensitive response, highlighting the influence of genetic background or environmental factors on the expression of disease resistance. Together with the powdery mildew resistance loci described in other studies, these results suggest that A. thaliana is a useful source of natural powdery mildew disease resistance, which potentially can be utilized in fundamental studies and as a tool for applied studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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