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  • 2000-2004  (64)
  • 2003  (64)
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  • 2000-2004  (64)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Academic criticism in Spanish medical discourse: a cross-generic approach (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of applied linguistics 13 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1473-4192
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the frequency of academic criticism (AC) varies in the four most frequent written genres of medical Spanish discourse – editorials (ED), review articles (RV), research papers (RP) and case reports (CR) – and whether the frequency has changed over time. The corpus consisted of 76 medical articles published between 1930 and 1999, divided into Block A (1930–1969) and Block B (1970–1999). The results show that: the frequency of AC is significantly greater in ED than in the remaining genres for both blocks, followed by RV, RP and CR; the frequency of AC is significantly higher in Block B than in Block A; and AC has increased over time in all the genres except CR. It is argued that the overall increase in AC frequency can be accounted for by the growth in the number of scientific publications over the last decades, by the scientists’ need to publish, and by the paradigmatic shift from science being assertive to becoming skeptical and probabilistic, based on claim refutability, i.e. on criticism. Cross-generic differences are explained in terms of the communicative function of each genre and of the rank/status power relations that exist between the social role assumed by the authors of the different genres and their audience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1473-4192.00039
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine-induced neuroprotection against N-methyl-d-aspartic acid or β-amyloid peptide occur through independent mechanisms distinguished by pro-inflammatory cytokines (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 87 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nicotine, the causative agent of addiction to tobacco, can also be a neuroprotectant. Nicotine-induced neuroprotection against different toxins is imparted through pharmacologically distinct neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) where protection against chronic N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) exposure is through nAChRα7 but protection against the toxic peptide of amyloid precursor protein, Aβ25−35, is through nAChRα4β2. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is also neuroprotective, however, in the presence of nicotine, neuroprotection against NMDA is abolished. The specificity of nicotine–TNFα antagonism was further refined using a mouse transgenic dominant negative of nAChRα7 in which nicotine failed to induce neuroprotection against NMDA and antagonism of TNFα was absent. However, nicotine-mediated neuroprotection against Aβ25−35 was unaffected and, therefore, did not require the expression of functional nAChRα7s. The mechanism of TNFα-mediated neuroprotection and antagonism by nicotine was independent of caspase 8 activation or nuclear factor kappa B translocation in neurons but C6-ceramide addition to neuronal cultures subsequently exposed to NMDA mimicked the neuroprotective effect of TNFα and, like TNFα, it was antagonized by cotreatment with nicotine. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of nicotine against differing toxic assaults requires distinct nAChR subtypes and proceeds through intracellular pathways that overlap with similarly different mechanisms initiated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results provide insight into how nicotine imparts neuroprotection and modulates inflammatory responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02074.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    pH-induced alterations in stratum corneum properties (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 25 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin-cleansing compositions based on alkyl carboxylates (soaps) have a higher irritation potential than those based on syndet surfactants such as alkyl isethionates or alkyl ether sulphates. Contributing factors include inherent differences in the irritation potential of soaps and syndet surfactants, pH-induced changes in surfactant solution chemistry, and the direct effects of pH on the physical properties of the stratum corneum (SC). Past work has not directly addressed the effect of solution pH on the SC itself and its potential role in cleanser-induced skin irritation. In the current work, alterations to SC properties induced by buffered pH solutions and two strongly ionizable surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium lauryl ether sulphate, at different pH values are measured. By utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy we have directly measured physical changes in SC proteins and lipids. Our results indicate that SC swelling, which reflects alterations to SC structural proteins, is increased significantly at pH 10, compared to pH 4 and 6.5. The transition temperature (Tm) of SC lipids is found to increase at pH 10, compared to pH 4 and 6.5, suggesting a more rigid SC lipid matrix. Surfactants cause a further increase in swelling and lipid rigidity. Some aspects of what these results mean for SC physical properties as well as their implications to potential mechanisms of surfactant-induced skin irritation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00176.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adolescents' Decisions About Verbal and Physical Aggression (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Human communication research 29 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: This investigation examines the ability of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to explain and predict adolescents' verbal (i.e., insulting) and physical (i.e., fighting) aggression, as well as behaviors that encourage aggression such as watching a fight or telling others about a fight that is going to happen. Subjects were 488 seventh-grade boys and girls enrolled in 2 public junior high schools in a large Midwestern U.S. city. Subjects completed a survey assessing components of the TRA as they related to the 4 behaviors under investigation. Consistent with the TRA, analysis revealed that attitudes and subjective norms predicted behavioral intent, and intent predicted behavior, for watching a fight, spreading rumors about a fight, and insulting. For fighting, however, attitudes, but not subjective norms, predicted behavioral intent, and intent predicted behavior. Implications for the TRA as well as for the development of youth violence prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00834.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANHYDROUS PROTON-CONDUCTING POLYMERS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 33 (2003), S. 233-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Anhydrous proton-conducting polymers usually consist of a more or less inert polymer matrix that is swollen with an appropriate proton solvent (in most cases, phosphoric acid). An outline of the different materials is provided, with a focus on PBI/H3PO4 blends that are currently most suitable for fuel cell applications. Also discussed are alternative concepts for fully polymeric materials, which establish proton conductivity as an intrinsic property using amphoteric heterocycles such as imidazole as a proton solvent. The development of some of the first polymers is described, and the fundamental relations between their material properties and conductivity are discussed. Closely related to this relatively new concept are mechanistic investigations focusing on intermolecular proton transfer and diffusion of (protonated) solvent molecules, the contributions of both transport processes to conductivity, and the dependence of these ratios on composition, charge carrier density, etc. Although the development of fully polymeric proton conductors is inseparably related to mechanistic considerations, relatively little attention has been paid to these concepts in the field of conventional membranes (hydrated ionomers, H3PO4-based materials). Consequently, their general relevance is emphasized, and according investigations are summarized to provide a more comprehensive picture of proton transport processes within proton exchange membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.155349
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphatase activity characterization on the surface of intact bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 220 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei possess a phosphatase activity on their external cell surface. This activity, while it dephosphorylates [32P]phosphocasein, is inhibited weakly by NaF and tartrate but strongly by vanadate. In this work, we describe the presence of an external phosphatase activity in intact bloodstream forms of T. brucei. With p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as substrate, these intact cells produced 3–5 nmol pNP min−1 mg−1, linearly for up to at least 30 min. The activity was not significantly increased by Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Co2+, but was inhibited by vanadate, NaF, p-chloromercuribenzoate and Zn2+ and was insensitive to okadaic acid. Membrane-enriched fractions of parasites contained an acid phosphatase activity, with a pH optimum in the range of 4.5–5.5. This activity hydrolyzed phosphotyrosine (40 nmol phosphate min−1 mg−1) better than phosphothreonine or phosphoserine. Partial purification of this phosphatase yielded a single activity band following gel electrophoresis, a Km value of 0.29 mM with pNPP and was insensitive to the Fe2+/H2O2/ascorbate system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00091-0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact allergy to decyl glucoside in antiseptic after body piercing (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 48 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00106.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting ammonium uptake in streams – an inter-biome perspective (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 48 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment (LINX) was a coordinated study of the relationships between North American biomes and factors governing ammonium uptake in streams. Our objective was to relate inter-biome variability of ammonium uptake to physical, chemical and biological processes.2. Data were collected from 11 streams ranging from arctic to tropical and from desert to rainforest. Measurements at each site included physical, hydraulic and chemical characteristics, biological parameters, whole-stream metabolism and ammonium uptake. Ammonium uptake was measured by injection of 15N-ammonium and downstream measurements of 15N-ammonium concentration.3. We found no general, statistically significant relationships that explained the variability in ammonium uptake among sites. However, this approach does not account for the multiple mechanisms of ammonium uptake in streams. When we estimated biological demand for inorganic nitrogen based on our measurements of in-stream metabolism, we found good correspondence between calculated nitrogen demand and measured assimilative nitrogen uptake.4. Nitrogen uptake varied little among sites, reflecting metabolic compensation in streams in a variety of distinctly different biomes (autotrophic production is high where allochthonous inputs are relatively low and vice versa).5. Both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism require nitrogen and these biotic processes dominate inorganic nitrogen retention in streams. Factors that affect the relative balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism indirectly control inorganic nitrogen uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01094.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organizational Transformation in Transition Economies: Resource-based and Organizational Learning Perspectives (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of management studies 40 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The capitalist and socialist societies of the twentieth century assigned firms different roles within their economic systems. Enterprises transforming from socialist to market economies thus face fundamental organizational restructuring. Many former state-owned firms in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe have failed at this task. These firms have pursued primarily defensive downsizing, rather than strategic restructuring, as a result of both internal and external constraints on restructuring strategies.Building on the organizational learning and resource-based theories, we analyse strategies available to management in privatized, former state-owned enterprises in transition economies to restructure their organization. Both internal forces promoting or inhibiting the restructuring process, and external constraints arising in the transition context are examined. A model and testable propositions are developed that explain post-privatization performance. Implications of our research point to the ways in which firms should manage and develop their resource base to transform to competitive enterprises.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00340
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-Acquisition Restructuring as Evolutionary Process* (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of management studies 40 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The transformation and integration of acquired businesses is subject to tensions between implementing radical change to match the strategy and corporate culture of the acquirer, and promoting what is valuable in resources and cultural attributes in the acquired organization. Analysts’ disagreement arises from different conceptualizations of the nature of resources. We present an evolutionary perspective that demonstrates not only the merits of competitive selection, but of local adaptation of transferred resources and of stimulating the development of local ones.Evidence from 18 original case studies in Hungary and East Germany shows that a defensive focus on short-term efficiency, i.e. downsizing, may fail to realize the long-term potential of the organization. Acquirers supporting an evolutionary development of their new subsidiary by providing autonomy and complementary resources might well have to tolerate some slack in the short run, but may realize more of the potential contributions of the acquired assets in the long run.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00347
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