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Notes: This paper considers a rigorous thermodynamic approach that can be used for calculatinga variety of glass properties and the content of various structural units in glasses. Since both theproperties and the structure are calculated on a unified basis, this approach enables the structurepropertyrelationship in glasses to be established quantitatively, and the structural units thatcharacterise changes in glass properties to be determined

Notes: Electron beam technology (EB-PVD) and equipment for one-stage deposition of advancedgraded protective coatings using a composite ceramic ingot for evaporation are described. Thistechnology allows replacing the flat interface between coating layers by a graded transition zones andachieve of a high degree of reproducibility of the composition, structure and lifetime of thefunctionally graded coating in compare with traditional multi-stages technologies of protectivecoating deposition.A design of the composite ceramic ingot is considered, as well as the ability toregulate in a broad range the composition, structure and properties of all levels of the gradedprotective coating including transition zones and coating layers. Examples and variants of advancedgraded protective coatings with their structures and properties are given (thermal barrier, harderosion-resistant and damping coatings) for aerospace and gas-turbine industry application depositedby one-stage EB-PVD process. Total cost of one-stage EB-PVD deposition process at least 2 timesless in compare with traditional technological processes of protective coating deposition due to usingonly one EB-PVD unit and elimination of multistage nature of process cycle.Laboratory andproductive electron-beam units designed and manufactured at ICEBT are considered.Development of modern protective coatings, technologies and equipment for their application isfocused, primarily, on improvement of the durability and main service properties of thecoating/protected item system, ensuring a reliable reproducibility of the coating structure andproperties, shortening the cost and time of the entire technological cycle of their deposition. Theexisting traditional technologies of deposition of multilayer protective coatings, for instance, thermalbarrier coatings (TBC), containing a oxidation-resistant metal bond coat and outer lowthermal-conducting ceramic layer, are multi-stage, with combination of such processes as diffusionsaturation, galvanic coating, plasma spraying and electron beam deposition [1-3]. Use of diverseexpensive equipment, availability of intermediate mechanical and thermal treatments, as well as theoperations of surface cleaning, apply considerable limitations both on widening of the sphere of suchcoating application, and their further development in terms of improvement of the structure andproperties.The one-stage electron beam technology developed at ICEBT for deposition of advancedprotective coatings based on evaporation of a composite ingot and allowing deposition of functionallygraded coatings in one process cycle, meets the above goals to a considerable extent [4,5]. Thetechnology is based on the use of the known phenomenon of fractionating at evaporation ofmulticomponent systems, containing elements with different melting temperature and vapourpressure, and their subsequent condensation under vacuum, allowing the flat interface, for instancebetween the metal and ceramic layers, to be replaced by a transition zone of the graded compositionand structure.Fig.1 gives the schematic and appearance of a composite ingot used for one-stage deposition ofadvanced graded protective coatings in vacuum by its electron beam evaporation from one crucible.The ingot base material determines the purpose of the graded coating. For instance, Al2O3, TiC,TiB2, B4C, MgO, etc. can be used as the base of the ingot for deposition of hard wear-resistant,erosion-resistant and damping coatings. For the case of TBC, this is zirconium dioxide with additives

Notes: Effects of compressive stress on oxygen agglomeration processes in Czochralski grown silicon heat treated at T= 450OC, used as a reference temperature, and T= 600OC to 800OC are investigated in some detail. Compressive stresses of about P= 1 GPa lead to enhanced formation of Thermal Double Donors in materials annealed over a temperature range of T= 450OC – 600OC. It has been shown that the formation of thermal donors at T= 450OC under normal conditions and compressive stress is accompanied with loss of substitutional boron. In contrast, the concentration of the shallow acceptor states of substitutional boron in silicon annealed under stress at T≥ 600OC remains constant. An enhancement effect of thermal donor formation is gradually weakened at T≥ 700OC. The oxygen diffusivity sensitive to mechanical stress is believed to be responsible for the observed effects in heat-treated silicon

Notes: The accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates is a feature of neurodegenerative disease. Overexpression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) can protect cells with protein aggregates from apoptosis. Another trait of HSP70 is its ability to cross the plasma membrane. Therefore, we purified a preparation of HSP70/HSC70 from bovine muscle and used it in a model of Huntington's disease. Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were transfected with huntington exon 1 with short (25) or long (103) CAG trinucleotide repeats coupled to green flourescent protein (GFP). Cells transfected with the long polyCAG repeat had insoluble protein aggregates and died through apoptosis. Biotinylated HSP70/HSC70 incorporated into the culture medium appeared inside the cells within 3–6 h of incubation. This incorporation correlated with a reduction in apoptotic cells by 40–50%. Confocal microscopy revealed that labelled internalized HSP70/HSC70 co-localized with the polyglutamine inclusions. The measurement of the number and size of inclusions showed that HSP70/HSC70 was able to reduce both these parameters. A filter trap assay and immunoblotting demonstrated that the introduction of HSP70/HSC70 also decreased protein aggregation. Together with earlier data on the effects of exogenously administered HSP70/HSC70 on cultured cells and on animals, these data show that preparations based on HSP70 may have some potential as therapies for a variety of neurodegenerative pathologies.

Notes: [Auszug] Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) shuttles various lipids between lipoproteins, resulting in the net transfer of cholesteryl esters from atheroprotective, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to atherogenic, lower-density species. Inhibition of CETP raises HDL cholesterol and may potentially be ...