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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This paper describes the movement of anions and cations through soils at the regional scale using block-scale and regional simulations of one-dimensional ion transport through cultivated soils. The simulations were based on field experiments in a region of about 10 km2 in Lower Saxony, Germany. Transport was modelled with the convection–dispersion equation, and the cation exchange was described using the Gapon equation. We evaluated the spatial variation of cation exchange parameters, obtained estimates valid at the block scale, and simulated the one-dimensional transport of anions and cations. The movement of anions and cations was simulated over blocks using effective transport parameters calculated from local transport parameters. The approach led to a good agreement between measured and predicted concentrations of Br–, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ on four different 1 ha blocks. However, the mean concentrations of K+ in the soil solution in the uppermost horizons could not be described satisfactorily by the model. For the regional simulations, transport and exchange parameters were estimated by block kriging. All variograms of the exchange parameters were spatially structured with correlation lengths varying from 100 m to 300 m. Results of the regional simulations imply that Cl– and K+ were transported substantially deeper in the southern part than in the northern part of the area. The transport depth of the ions strongly depended on the pore water velocities. The simulation of solute transport to the water table showed the influence of the depth of water table on the estimated travel times, superimposing the influence of the transport parameters in the region. The results of the regional simulations also emphasize the importance of careful fertilization, especially in regions with shallow water tables such as in the north of the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 15 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Gastric acid production may persist while patients are treated with proton pump inhibitors. Twenty-four-hour intragastric pH monitoring is being used to identify gastric acid in the stomach while on medical therapy.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aim: To identify the optimal region of the stomach to demonstrate the presence of gastric acid.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Method: Probe locations confirmed with fluoroscopy after placement and prior to removal. In experiment 1, five volunteers underwent simultaneous, 24-h gastro-oesophageal pH monitoring with the pH sensors located in the gastric antrum, body, fundus and distal oesophagus. In experiment 2, five volunteers underwent simultaneous 24-h pH monitoring with sensors located side by side in the gastric fundus assessing the reproducibility of gastric pH in this region. In experiment 3, 35 volunteers underwent 24-h pH monitoring with pH sensors located in the distal oesophagus and gastric fundus. The mean percentage time for which pH 〈 4 was calculated for total, upright, and supine time periods. Results: pH profiles for the gastric fundus and body are similar—the mean percentage total time for which pH 〈 4 was 92.2% and 90.1%, respectively (P=N.S.). These values are significantly different from the antrum; pH 〈 4=54.6% (P 〈 0.01). pH values from the gastric fundus are highly reproducible (linear regression P= 0.004, r2=0.96). The normal values (mean ± 95th percentile) for percentage time gastric pH 〈 4 in the fundus were: total 95.6 ± 1.5%, upright 94.8 ± 1.8%, and supine 96.5 ± 2.3%.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusion: The fundus is the optimal location to evaluate the presence of gastric acid; pH values are highly reproducible in this area. Normal values for percentage time gastric pH 〈 4 for a healthy population are now defined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims: Accurate tumour classification is critical for meaningful epidemiological studies in the assessment of cancer incidence rates and trends. Differentiating primary gastric carcinoma from oesophageal carcinoma can be difficult, especially when tumours are large and involve both the oesophagus and stomach. Furthermore, adenocarcinomas of both organs typically are of intestinal histological type and arise in a background of intestinal metaplasia. Consequently, histological markers that reliably distinguish Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma from gastric adenocarcinoma would be useful. Cytokeratins (CK)7 and 20 are cytoplasmic structural proteins with restricted expression that help to determine the origin of many epithelial tumours including those of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of co-ordinate CK7 and 20 expression in the distinction of Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma from gastric adenocarcinoma arising in a background of intestinal metaplasia.Methods and results: CK7 and 20 immunostaining was performed on randomly selected surgical resection specimens from patients with Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 30) and intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 14) arising in a background of intestinal metaplasia. A CK7+ CK20- immunophenotype was demonstrated in 27 of 30 (90%) patients with Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma and only three of 14 (21%) gastric adenocarcinomas. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of a CK7+/20– immunophenotype for a diagnosis of Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma was 90%, 79%, and 90%, respectively.Conclusions: A CK7+/20– tumour immunophenotype is associated with Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma and may be useful in accurate tumour classification, thus facilitating improving epidemiological evaluation of tumours at the oesophagogastric junction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 20 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aim : To compare the safety and efficacy of pantoprazole and ranitidine in maintaining erosive oesophagitis healing.Methods : Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease patients (349) with endoscopically documented healed erosive oesophagitis (grade 0 or 1) were randomly assigned to receive pantoprazole (10, 20 or 40 mg/q.d.s.) or ranitidine (150 mg/b.d.). Erosive oesophagitis status was assessed endoscopically at months 1, 3, 6 and 12 or when relapse symptoms appeared (relapse = reappearance of erosive oesophagitis grade 2 within 12 months). Symptom-free days were also assessed.Results : Pantoprazole 20- and 40-mg were significantly more effective than ranitidine in maintaining healing regardless of initial erosive oesophagitis grade. Response was dose-related. After 12 months 78, 55, 46 and 21% of patients remained healed (40-, 20-, 10-mg pantoprazole and ranitidine). Pantoprazole 40-mg produced significantly more symptom-free days (83%) than ranitidine (58%). Heartburn-free days/nights were significantly higher with pantoprazole 40-mg (92 and 93%) than ranitidine (73 and 77%). The most frequent reason for discontinuation, unsatisfactory efficacy, occurred most often with ranitidine (P 〈 0.001).Conclusion : Once-daily pantoprazole therapy prevented relapse of healed erosive oesophagitis more effectively than ranitidine and with fewer heartburn days. Response to pantoprazole was dose-related. Pantoprazole 40-mg was the most effective regimen and consistent in maintaining erosive oesophagitis healing with a good safety and tolerability profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Active microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Sustaining microbial biomass ; Growth-response description
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A model describing the respiration curves of glucose-amended soils was applied to the characterization of microbial biomass. Both lag and exponential growth phases were simulated. Fitted parameters were used for the determination of the growing and sustaining fractions of the microbial biomass as well as its specific growth rate (μ max). These microbial biomass characteristics were measured periodically in a loamy silt and a sandy loam soil incubated under laboratory conditions. Less than 1% of the biomass oxidizing glucose was able to grow immediately due to the chronic starvation of the microbial populations in situ. Glucose applied at a rate of 0.5 mg C g–1 increased that portion to 4–10%. Both soils showed similar dynamics with a peak in the growing biomass at day 3 after initial glucose amendment, while the total (sustaining plus growing) biomass was maximum at day 7. The microorganisms in the loamy silt soil showed a larger growth potential, with the growing biomass increasing 16-fold after glucose application compared to a sevenfold increase in the sandy loam soil. The results gained by the applied kinetic approach were compared to those obtained by the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) technique for soil microbial biomass estimation, and with results from a simple exponential model used to describe the growth response. SIR proved to be only suitable for soils that contain a sustaining microbial biomass and no growing microbial biomass. The exponential model was unsuitable for situations where a growing microbial biomass was associated with a sustaining biomass. The kinetic model tested in this study (Panikov and Sizova 1996) proved to describe all situations in a meaningful, quantitative and statistically reliable way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Attitudes End-of-life decision Physician Nurse Do-not-resuscitate order Advance directive Cross-cultural comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective: Do-not-resuscitate orders (DNR orders) and advance directives (AD) have been developed and their use by patients is increasing. The objective of the study was to evaluate the compliance with patient's wishes and doctors' and nurses' agreement on decision-making in the treatment of elderly patients from a cross-cultural perspective. Design and participants: One hundred and four Swedish physicians and 122 nurses as well as 192 German physicians and 182 nurses from teaching and university hospitals were surveyed by a questionnaire based on a case-vignette with three scenarios of available information about patient's wishes for treatment. Results: A relationship between the perceived level of help and the chosen treatment option was established for all four samples, especially for the scenario in which an AD was available. Two patterns of closely related determinants appeared: (a) 'patient's wishes', 'ethical concerns', and 'family wishes'; and (b) 'patient's age', 'level of dementia', and 'hospital costs'. Conclusions: An intensive and continuous education of physicians and nurses in medical ethics is required to promote patient autonomy in clinical practice. The ethical implications of patient's age and level of dementia in relation to hospital costs should constitute important topics of these educational programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 250 (2000), S. 40-47 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Temperament ; Character ; Unipolar depressive disorder ; Course of illness ; Inpatients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cloninger has developed a novel approach concerning relationships between psychopathological syndromes and personality by his biosocial theory. Increased levels of harm avoidance (HA) were consistently found in unipolar disorders. The present study was conducted to cross-validate, in part, previous findings that high harm avoidance (HA) persisted in the course of disorder and to explore the distinct role of character dimensions. One hundred and twenty-six inpatients with an unipolar depressive disorder and 126 healthy controls, strictly matched for age and gender have been included in the study. Our findings underline that higher harm avoidance among unipolar depressives compared to healthy controls persisted after treatment even if a significant reduction could be observed. Recurrent disorders and comorbidity with anxiety disorders seem to be related to a relatively immature character in terms of consistently lower scores for the character dimensions (e.g. self-directedness and cooperativeness) of the patients classified into these groups both at admission and at discharge compared with their healthy counterparts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 103 (2000), S. 254-257 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Indianapolis ist die Hauptstadt von Indiana und liegt ca. 300 südlich von Chicago. Hier bin ich mit Dr. K. D. Shelbourne im “Methodist Sports Medicine Center” verabredet. Der Sportorthopäde betreute 14 Jahre den “Profi” Football Club “Indianapolis Colts” und ist durch seine Publikationen zur Kreuzbandrehabilitation bekannt. Ende der 70er Jahre bildete er als Fellow bei Dr. W. Clancy seine Schwerpunkt in der Kreuzbandchirurgie und praktiziert seit 1982 in Indianapolis. Auf dem Weg zu seiner Ambulanz erklärt er mir, dass seiner Ansicht nach die beste Therapie von Komplikationen (wie z. B. Patellaschmerzen und Arthrofibrose) darin bestehen, diese beim Patient erst gar nicht so weit kommen zu lassen. Die Grundzüge seiner Operationstechnik (Miniarthrotoie und Suture-Button-Fixation der Patellasehne) habe er in den vergangenen 15 Jahren nicht mehr verändert. In der Ambulanz stelle ich mich dem Team vor: 2 Sekretärinnen, 4 Ambulanzschwestern und 6 wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen für die wissenschaftliche Datenauswertung. Hinter Shelbourne steckt also keine “Ein-Man-Show”, sondern ein 12-köpfiges Team.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 71 (2000), S. 1098-1106 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Femur ; Pseudarthrose ; Revisionschirurgie ; Versagen primärer Osteosynthesen ; Keywords: Femur ; Pseudarthrosis ; Fracture care ; Failure of primary implants ; Revision procedures.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Between 1981 and 1994 at the Bergmannsheil Ruhr University Hospital in Bochum, Germany, we treated 145 patients with femoral diaphyseal nonunions following initial operative treatment. Of these patients, 138 received this initial operative treatment at an outside institution. The primary reconstructions for the fractures utilized plates in 112 cases, reamed nails in 24 cases and external fixators in 9 cases. The average age of the patients was 35 years and the mean time from the initial operative treatment was 2 years. Twenty-seven patients (19 %) presented with a hypertrophic nonunion and 118 (81 %) with an atrophic nonunion. There was a significant correlation between primary “classic” plating and development of an atrophic nonunion (χ 2-test: P 〈 0.01). We observed 34 wound infections (23 %) with no significant correlation to the type of primary osteosynthesis. We determined that 73 of the pseudarthroses were due to improper osteosynthesis techniques. Of these cases, 41 % involved the use of plates, 83 % involved the use of reamed nails, and 78 % involved the use of external fixators. Fracture location near the diaphyseal-metaphyseal junctions was common in this problematic group. Ninety-two percent of all plates led to atrophic nonunions. There were 21 open fractures and of these 90 % (n = 19) developed an atrophic pseudarthrosis and 29 % (n = 6) developed a wound infection. Fifty-seven (39 %) of all patients had additional injuries, but we found that did not increase the risk of disturbed bone healing. Our revision operations focused on the elimination of wound infections, refreshment of bone healing, and improvement in fragment stability. Only 28 % of all “classic” plates and 11 % of all external fixators were changed to an intramedullary implant at the time of the first revision surgery. Hypertrophic nonunions required a mean of 1.3 revision operations to achieve bone healing whereas a mean of 2 revision operations were necessary to fuse atrophic bone ends (P 〈 0.05). In cases of diaphyseal pseudarthrosis healing time was not affected by the type of osteosynthesis used for primary reconstructions. Since lack of fracture healing can often already be observed directly from postoperative X-rays, we recommend that revision procedures be performed early. The prolonged length of time to care for femoral nonunions underlines the importance of appropriate primary fracture treatment. That takes into consideration both the biomechanical and the biological aspects of bone healing.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Zwischen 1981 und 1994 wurden an der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik Bergmannsheil 145 Patienten mit diaphysären Femurpseudarthrosen behandelt. Die Primärosteosynthesen setzten sich aus 112 Plattenanlagen (77 %), 24 Marknagelungen (17 %) und 9 Fixateur externen (6 %) zusammen. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 35 Jahre, die mittlere Behandlungsdauer 2 Jahre. 27 Patienten (19 %) hatten eine hypertrophe und 118 (81 %) eine atrophe Pseudarthrosenform. Zwischen den primären „klassischen“ Plattenosteosynthesen und der Häufigkeit areaktiver Heilungsstörungen bestand ein hoch signifikanter Zusammenhang (χ 2-Test: p 〈 0,01). 34 Wundinfektionen (23 %) nach dem Ersteingriff verteilten sich prozentual gleichmäßig auf alle Implantate. Als Ursache der Pseudarthrosenentwicklung sahen wir biomechanisch unzureichende Primärosteosynthesen bei insgesamt 73 Patienten (50 %), 41 % der Platten, 83 % der Marknägel und 78 % der Fixateure. Die metaphysennahen Schaftfrakturen waren hierdurch signifikant häufiger betroffen. Der Anteil an areaktiven Pseudarthrosen nach vorangegangener Plattenosteosynthese betrug 92 % (n = 103). Von 21 offenen Schaftfrakturen entwickelten 90 % (n = 19) eine avitale Pseudarthrose und insgesamt 29 % (n = 6) einen Wundinfekt. Zusätzliche Verletzungen lagen nur bei 39 % (n = 57) der Behandelten vor und hatten für die Pseudarthrosenentwicklung keine Bedeutung. Die Revisionseingriffe zielten auf eine Infektbehandlung, Revitalisation und Stabilitätsverbesserung ab. Der Verfahrenswechsel zum Marknagel erfolgte während der Erstrevision nur bei 28 % der Platten und 11 % der Fixateure. Während hypertrophe Pseudarthrosen schon nach durchschnittlich 1,3 Revisionen ausheilten, waren bei den areaktiven Störungen im Mittel 2 Wiederholungseingriffe notwendig (p 〈 0,05). Die Heilungsdauer von Pseudarthrosen nach Plattenanlage unterschied sich nicht wesentlich von der nach primärer, gebohrter Marknagelung. Da die sich abzeichnende Knochenheilungsstörung häufig schon auf den unmittelbaren postoperativen Röntgenbildern antizipiert werden kann, empfehlen wir notwendige Folgeeingriffe deutlich frühzeitiger durchzuführen. Der lange Behandlungsverlauf unterstreicht die Bedeutung adäquater Frakturversorgungen unter Berücksichtigung biologischer Heilungsvorgänge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 71 (2000), S. 489-502 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Seit 30 Jahren haben sich Indikationen und Behandlungstechniken von Sprunggelenksfrakturen des Erwachsenen in der deutschsprachigen Literatur kaum verändert. Typische Indikationen zur operativen Therapie sind Frakturen vom Typ B und C nach Danis-Weber. Konservativ werden nur isolierte unverschobene Innenknöchelbrüche und Fibulafrakturen vom Typ Weber A behandelt.
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