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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metal and Selenium Levels in Franklin's Gull (Larus pipixcan Parents and Their Eggs (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1996), S. 487-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, selenium, and manganese concentrations were measured in the breast feathers of 25 pairs of Franklin's Gulls (Larus pipixcan) and in their eggs from a breeding colony at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in Northwestern Minnesota. Metal concentrations in eggs represent metals sequestered in the egg by females at the time of egg formation; while metal concentrations in parents represent concentrations of metals in the blood supply at the time of feather formation. There were no significant sexual differences in metal concentrations in feathers, assuming the male to be larger of each pair, but there were significant differences between the concentrations of metals in parents and their eggs. Eggs had significantly higher concentrations of selenium and chromium, but significantly lower concentrations of all other metals than the feathers of their parents. There were few significant correlations among metal concentrations within the egg or within the feather of females, but there were correlations for the feathers of males. Lead and cadmium in feathers were positively correlated for both males and females. Chromium concentrations in eggs were generally higher than reported in the literature. The concentrations in eggs and the feathers of females were positively correlated for mercury, and negatively correlated for chromium and manganese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900067
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perceptions of Recreational Fishing Boat Captains: Knowledge and Effects of Fish Consumption Advisories (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The impacts of fish consumption advisories on recreational and subsistence fishing, particularly in fresh waters, have been examined extensively. By contrast, little attention has focused on organized recreational fishing, such as from party and charter boats, and particularly for salt water fish. We interviewed 93 New Jersey boat captains to determine their knowledge about fish consumption advisories, and whether, in their opinion, clients knew of fish consumption advisories, and whether they thought advisories had an effect on recreational fishing and their businesses. Advisories were ranked by captains as a moderate influence on the success of their business, less so than number of fish caught, strength of the economy, overfishing by commercial boats, and management regulations. Only one boat captain had not heard warnings about eating fish, but what captains said they had heard was mixed in its accuracy and completeness. Clients expect captains to know about fish, and about half of boat captains said clients had asked about the safety of eating fish. Captains who felt advisories were affecting their businesses tended to fish for species without high levels of mercury (except for bluefish) or PCBs, the primary contaminants of concern for state advisories and federal advice. However, these captains worked closer to areas (e.g., Raritan Bay complex and New York Harbor) subject to advisories than did other captains, and were more prone to say that management regulations (e.g., fish size, creel limits, seasons) and marketing and advertising by the industry or state were strong influences on the success of their seasons. Comparing captains who thought advisories had some or great effect (60%) versus those reporting “no effect” (40%), there was no difference in the mean percentage of trips targeting high mercury species such as swordfish and shark. Many captains said they would or might post advisories, but 42% of the boat captains said they would not post consumption warnings if the state provided them. The significant portion (at least 15%) of saltwater fishing supported by these businesses suggests that these captains are an important conduit for future risk communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00315
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metals and Metalloids in Tissues of American Alligators in Three Florida Lakes (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (2000), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of metals and selenium were examined in tissues of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three lakes in central Florida, in one of which alligators have exhibited reproductive or developmental defects. Our overall objective was to determine whether the levels of metals were sufficiently high to confound the association between chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are elevated in eggs and juvenile plasma, and reproductive impairment. The concentrations of all metals were relatively low compared to those reported for alligators from elsewhere in Florida and the southeastern United States, suggesting that reproductive impairment is not due to metals and that metals pose no health risk to the alligators. We also wanted to determine whether skin, biopsied tail muscle, or tail tip tissue, all easily collected from live alligators, could be used as surrogate measures of internal tissue loads. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in liver were highly correlated with at least one of the three biopsied tissues. Only tin showed no significant positive correlation. No single tissue gave a high prediction of liver levels for all metals, although skin gave the highest correlation for mercury, and tail muscle gave the best overall correlation for lead and cadmium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010066
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metal and Selenium Concentrations in Feathers of Egrets from Bali and Sulawesi, Indonesia (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 32 (1997), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Herons and egrets are ideal organisms to use as indicators of heavy metal exposure in an ecosystem because different species feed at different levels of the food chain and live in both coastal and inland habitats. This paper reports on the concentration of heavy metals and selenium in the feathers of cattle egrets Bubulcus ibis that were examined from nesting and roosting sites in Bali and Sulawesi, Indonesia, and in feathers of little egrets Egretta garzetta and intermediate egrets E. intermedia from the same colony in Bali. Mercury and manganese concentrations were significantly higher in cattle egrets from Bali compared to Sulawesi, but otherwise there were no significant differences. There were significant differences in lead, cadmium and mercury among the three egret species nesting on Bali: 1) the cadmium and mercury concentrations related to size and trophic level (insectivorous cattle egrets had the lowest concentrations, fish-eating intermediate egrets had the highest concentrations), and 2) cattle egrets had significantly lower concentrations of lead than the other two species. For cattle egrets, secondary flight feathers had significantly higher levels of cadmium and mercury, and lower levels of manganese, than mixed breast and tertiary feathers, reflecting temporal differences in exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900178
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting vigilance in springbok: importance of vegetative cover, location in herd, and herd size (2000)
    Springer
    Acta ethologica 2 (2000), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9546
    Keywords: Key words  Vigilance ; Group size ; Gender ; Foraging ; Antipredator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Vigilance in vertebrates is often inversely related to group size. We present evidence that distance to bushes and location within the herd are also critical factors in vigilance in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) in Etosha National Park, Namibia, where they are the preferred prey of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Most springbok feed in heterospecific herds, both by grazing on grass and browsing on bushes. We studied 1245 animals; variations in vigilance (time alert) were explained by location within the herd, distance to bushes and roads, number of springbok in each herd, and gender and age. Vigilance time decreased with increasing herd size, with increasing distance to bushes and roads, and with density. Springbok on the edge of herds devoted significantly more time to vigilance than did those in other locations, and vigilance in edge animals decreased with group size. Adults were more vigilant than young, and males were more vigilant than females. Position within the herd, and distance from bushes, were the most important variables influencing vigilance. Location in the herd and gender/age affected both browsing and grazing springbok, although other factors accounted for the differences in vigilance between browsing and grazing springbok: 1) group size was not significant for browsers, but it was for grazers, and 2) distances to bushes and road were not significant for browsers, but they were for grazers. These data relate to the risk from predators and the benefits from other group members. Springbok in bushes cannot see all members of the herd, cannot derive early warning from many group members, and are more at risk from predators because the latter can hide in the bushes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s102119900013
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metal and selenium concentrations in eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus): Temporal differences from 1989 to 1994 (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 29 (1995), S. 192-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of five metals and selenium in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were examined at a breeding colony on western Long Island, New York from 1989 to 1994. There were significant yearly differences in lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, chromium, and manganese. Chromium and cadmium were significantly higher in 1993 compared to the other years. Lead levels were highest in 1989, and were uniformly lower in the succeeding four years. Manganese showed no clear pattern. Selenium concentrations decreased from 1991 through 1994, whereas mercury increased from 1992 through 1994. Generally, concentrations of cadmium were similar to those reported for avian eggs from elsewhere; mercury and lead were within the range, but were at the high end; and chromium concentrations were higher than elsewhere. For all years combined, there was a positive correlation between lead and cadmium concentrations and between chromium and manganese, and a negative correlation between lead and mercury concentrations. In conclusion, egg contents can be used to monitor heavy metal concentrations, but consecutive years must be examined because concentrations can vary significantly among years. Ideally, data are needed for more than three years before trends, or lack thereof, can be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212970
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metal and selenium levels in Franklin's Gull (Larus pipixcan) parents and their eggs (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1996), S. 487-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, selenium, and manganese concentrations were measured in the breast feathers of 25 pairs of Franklin's Gulls (Larus pipixcan) and in their eggs from a breeding colony at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in Northwestern Minnesota. Metal concentrations in eggs represent metals sequestered in the egg by females at the time of egg formation; while metal concentrations in parents represent concentrations of metals in the blood supply at the time of feather formation. There were no significant sexual differences in metal concentrations in feathers, assuming the male to be larger of each pair, but there were significant differences between the concentrations of metals in parents and their eggs. Eggs had significantly higher concentrations of selenium and chromium, but significantly lower concentrations of all other metals than the feathers of their parents. There were few significant correlations among metal concentrations within the egg or within the feather of females, but there were correlations for the feathers of males. Lead and cadmium in feathers were positively correlated for both males and females. Chromium concentrations in eggs were generally higher than reported in the literature. The concentrations in eggs and the feathers of females were positively correlated for mercury, and negatively correlated for chromium and manganese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213400
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace Elements in Egg Contents and Egg Shells of Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta) from the Savannah River Site (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 34 (1998), S. 382-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper we examine the levels of trace elements in the egg contents and egg shells of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) from the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina. Trace elements have seldom been examined in the tissues or eggs of reptiles, although some turtles and large snakes occupy a high trophic level. Lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, and manganese levels were examined in one egg and its egg shell collected from each of 16 females that laid in late May and June 1996. We were interested in determining background levels, whether certain metals were sequestered in the egg shells, and whether levels were higher in contents or shells. Concentrations were higher in egg contents than in shells for lead, mercury, and selenium, while chromium was higher in the shell. There were no differences for cadmium and manganese. Compared to eggs from other reptiles, levels in slider turtles were generally similar for cadmium and selenium, lower for chromium and lead, and higher for manganese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900334
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eggshell thickness in marine birds in the New York Bight—1970s to 1990s (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 29 (1995), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Maintaining eggshell thickness is critical for birds, as thin eggshells result in breakage during incubation, with subsequent hatching failure. Beginning in the 1960s, eggshell thickness has been used as a biomarker of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, as a measure of avian population health, and as a predictor of potential reproductive failures. In this study, eggs were collected from four coastal bird species nesting in the New York Bight (Cedar Beach, NY to Barnegat Bay, NJ) in the early 1970s, early 1980s, and early 1990s, and eggshell thickness was measured. We tested the hypothesis that decreasing use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and subsequent decreased levels of these pollutants in the New York Bight estuarine food web, should have resulted in increased eggshell thickness from the 1970s to the 1990s. Most of the variation in eggshell thickness was explained by decade and species. Eggshell thickness increased from the early 1970s (or the 1980s for some species) to the early 1990s for all four species examined: common tern (Sterna hirundo), Roseate tern (S. dougallii), least tern (S. antillarum), and black skimmer (Rynchops niger). For common terns and black skimmers, eggshell thickness increased by nearly 50% from the 1970s to the 1990s, whereas in the smallest species, the least tern, eggshell thickness increased only by 12%. In the 1990s, least terns with the smallest eggs had the thinnest eggshells, and black skimmers with larger eggs had the thickest eggshells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212969
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age Differences in Metals in the Blood of Herring (Larus argentatus) and Franklin's (Larus pipixcan) Gulls (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 33 (1997), S. 436-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Concentrations of heavy metals and selenium were measured in the blood of adult and young herring (Larus argentatus) and Franklin's (Larus pipixcan) gulls collected during the same breeding season in colonies in the New York Bight and in northwestern Minnesota, respectively. Concentrations were expected to be higher in young herring gulls collected in an urban, industrialized area, compared to young Franklin's gulls collected in a relatively pristine prairie marsh. Exposure is similar for the fledgling and adult gulls because by the time the blood of young gulls is drawn both adults and young have been eating foods from the surrounding region for two months; leading to the prediction that metal levels should be similar in adults and young. However, young Franklin's gulls had significantly higher levels of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese than adults; adults had significantly higher levels of mercury and selenium. Young herring gulls had significantly higher concentrations of arsenic and selenium, but lower levels of lead than adult herring gulls. Interspecific comparisons indicated that young Franklin's gulls had significantly higher levels of cadmium than young herring gulls, and adult Franklin's gulls had higher levels of selenium and chromium than adult herring gulls, but for all other comparisons herring gulls had higher levels of metals in their blood. Young herring gulls chicks had higher arsenic, manganese, and selenium levels and lower cadmium and lead levels in 1993 than in 1994. Overall, the levels in the two species were usually within an order of magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900274
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