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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths on the use of Syntocinon® at Caesarean section in the UK〈link href="#fn1-5"〉*〈/link〉 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The recommended dose of Syntocinon® used for uterine contraction at Caesarean section is 5 units intravenously, given slowly. We conducted a survey of the use of Syntocinon at Caesarean section among 240 lead obstetric anaesthetists in the UK in 2001 and found that 155 (87%) of the 179 (75%) respondents gave 10 units, 77 of them (50%) by rapid bolus. The risks of Syntocinon, especially given by rapid injection, were highlighted in the report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the UK (1997–99), which was published at the end of 2001, and so the survey was repeated in 2002. Of the 256 forms sent, 198 completed replies were returned (77%); these indicated a dramatic change of practice: only 30 (15%) now gave 10 units and only 7 of these (23%) by a rapid injection. One hundred and sixty-seven respondents to the second survey (84%) stated they had changed their practice and 159 of these (95%) gave the Confidential Enquiries report as the main reason for change. These results highlight the importance of the Confidential Enquiries as a means of improving practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.30435.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel in Intestinal and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 522 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb33340.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING IN GASTROINTESTINAL AND OTHER SMOOTH MUSCLES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 61 (1999), S. 85-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The main contributors to increases in [Ca2+]i and tension are the entry of Ca2+ through voltage-dependent channels opened by depolarization or during action potential (AP) or slow-wave discharge, and Ca2+ release from store sites in the cell by the action of IP3 or by Ca2+-induced Ca2+-release (CICR). The entry of Ca2+ during an AP triggers CICR from up to 20 or more subplasmalemmal store sites (seen as hot spots, using fluorescent indicators); Ca2+ waves then spread from these hot spots, which results in a rise in [Ca2+]i throughout the cell. Spontaneous transient releases of store Ca2+, previously detected as spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs), are seen as sparks when fluorescent indicators are used. Sparks occur at certain preferred locations-frequent discharge sites (FDSs)-and these and hot spots may represent aggregations of sarcoplasmic reticulum scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Activation of receptors for excitatory signal molecules generally depolarizes the cell while it increases the production of IP3 (causing calcium store release) and diacylglycerols (which activate protein kinases). Activation of receptors for inhibitory signal molecules increases the activity of protein kinases through increases in cAMP or cGMP and often hyperpolarizes the cell. Other receptors link to tyrosine kinases, which trigger signal cascades interacting with trimeric G-protein systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.85
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) in Preovulatory, Nonovulatory Healthy, and Atretic Human Ovarian Follicles during the Natural Cycle (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 442 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37521.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of action of Ba2+ and TEA on single Ca2+-activated K+-channels in arterial and intestinal smooth muscle cell membranes (1985)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 403 (1985), S. 120-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Ba2+ ; TEA ; Ca2+-activated K+ channels ; Patchclamp ; Channel block
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of Ba2+ and TEA with Ca2+-activated K+ channels was studied in isolated membrane patches of cells from longitudinal jejunal smooth muscle of rabbit and from guinea-pig small mesenteric artery (100 μm external diameter). Ba2+ applied from the inside of the membrane did not reduce unit current, except at high concentrations, but channels failed to open for long periods (s). This effect became much stronger when the potential gradient was in a direction driving Ba2+ into the channel and was reduced by increasing K+ ion concentration on the outside of the membrane. These results are consistent with Ba2+ entering the open channel and blocking at a site most of the way through the channel bore. In contrast, TEA and procaine dose-dependently reduced unit current amplitude at all patch potentials and slightly increased mean open time. Their effects were not detectably voltage-dependent and could be explained by TEA and procaine blocking the open channel with a timecourse that was faster than the frequency response of the recording system. The lack of appreciable voltage-dependence suggests that TEA and procaine bind to a site near to the inner mouth of the channel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584088
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple method of fast extracellular solution exchange for the study of whole-cell or single channel currents using patch-clamp technique (1987)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 410 (1987), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Concentration-jump technique ; Patch-clamp technique ; Single smooth muscle cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new concentration-jump technique was devised for the rapid application of drugs to single, isolated cells attached to the base of the experimental chamber while recording from them with patch-clamp technique. Cells were placed in a micro-drop (less than 0.1 μl) in a small inner bath which was separated from an outer bath by a ring of “Sylgard” polymer. Stable whole-cell recordings were made in the micro-drop and rapid solution exchange took place when a much larger volume of test solution from the outer bath was flooded over the Sylgard ring and mixed with the micro-drop. Complete equilibration occurred within less than 10 ms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580285
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action of nifedipine of BAY K8644 is dependent on calcium channel state in single smooth muscle cells from rabbit ear artery (1988)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 411 (1988), S. 590-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: concentration-jump technique ; patch-clamp technique ; single smooth muscle cell ; 1,4-dihydropyridines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The actions of nifedipine or BAY K 8644 were studied on barium currents recorded from single, collagenase- and elastase-dispersed, smooth muscle cells from the rabbit ear artery using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Nifedipine (3μM) caused a reduction in the barium current (IBa) evoked by steps to potentials positive of-10mV. This was characterized by a pronounced ‘initial’ block, an increase in the rate of current decay during the voltage-clamp step, but by no increase in block if pulses were repeated every 600ms. Rapid extracellular application of nifedipine (1μM) during the sustained current component (using a new concentration-jump technique) was found to have no effect on IBa over 4s at +20mV, but after returning to the holding potential (-60mV) for 10s, sustained IBa was subsequently abolished. BAY K 8644 (1μM) increased IBa at all potentials, and on rapid application during the sustained current component markedly potentiated IBa. The results suggest that nifedipine binds with high affinity to the closed, available state of the Ca++ channels but they do not suggest binding to the open or inactivated states. The effect of BAY K 8644 is consistent with high affinity binding to the open or inactivated and to the closed, available states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582383
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetylcholine activates an inward current in single mammalian smooth muscle cells (1985)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 316 (1985), S. 345-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Membrane current and voltage recordings were made from enzymatically dispersed single cells isolated from the longitudinal smooth muscle layer of adult rabbit jejunum7. These cells were 5-15 ??? wide, up to 300 ??? long and contracted on application of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine was applied ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316345a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch and whole-cell voltage clamp of single mammalian visceral and vascular smooth muscle cells (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 887-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: smooth muscle ; K channels ; patch clamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dispersal of the constituent cells of mammalian visceral and vascular smooth muscles has permitted recordings both of membrane currents under whole-cell voltage clamp, and of currents through single ionic channels using the patch-clamp technique. A rectangular depolarizing step applied to a single cell under voltage clamp yielded a net inward current followed by a net outward current in normal physiological solution. In isolated, ‘inside-out’ patches of cell membrane a calcium- and potential-sensitive K channel (100 pS conductance) and a calcium-insensitive, potential-sensitive K+ channel (50 pS conductance) with slow kinetics have so far been identified and characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01970006
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of Charcot's arthropathy to contact casting: assessment by quantitative techniques (2000)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 43 (2000), S. 481-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Complications, neuropathy, foot, radionuclide scan, podiatry.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. This study used two different methods of quantitative bone scanning to study the relation between activity of Charcot's arthropathy and clinical variables over 12 months.¶Methods. Skin temperature of affected and unaffected feet was measured at baseline and every 3 months for 12 months in 17 subjects. Eight subjects underwent a three-phase quantitative bone scan at baseline and 3 monthly for 12 months. Bone isotope uptake in a standard rectangular area over the foot and tibia was analysed by the bilateral scan method (the ratio of isotope uptake of affected and unaffected feet) and the unilateral scan method (the ratio of isotope uptake of affected foot and ipsilateral tibia). The affected foot was placed in a contact cast for an average of 8 months.¶Results. At presentation the affected foot was hotter than the unaffected foot but the temperature became progressively cooler over 12 months. Median isotope uptake in the affected foot was 2.1 % of the injected dose (interquartile range, IQR 1.9–3.0). In both scanning methods the ratio of uptake decreased after casting but at 12 months the affected foot still had more isotope uptake. There was a strong correlation between temperature difference and the ratio of uptake in the bilateral scan method (r = 0.90; p 〈 0.0001) but when using the unilateral scan method this relation was not significant (r = 0.1; p = 0.6). A strong relation existed between perfusion of the affected foot in the dynamic phase and isotope uptake in the delayed phase of the scans (r = 0.92; p 〈 0.0001).¶Conclusion/interpretation. Bone activity and skin temperature of Charcot's arthropathy can be measured quantitatively and both improve over 12 months with contact casting. There is a strong relation between perfusion and disease activity in this condition. [Diabetologia (2000) 43:481–484]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051332
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