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  • 2000-2004  (34)
  • 1870-1879  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a scanning atom probe with improved mass resolution (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 3016-3023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A design for a high mass resolution scanning atom probe is described, which utilizes a two-conductor microelectrode held at 10–100 μm from the specimen. Field evaporation pulses are applied to the part of the counter-electrode closest to the specimen, while the output is maintained at ground. If the gap between the two conductors is small, field evaporated ions pass through the microelectrode while the pulse voltage is essentially constant, and thus the resultant spread in ion energies is small and the mass resolution in time-of-flight mass spectrometry is correspondingly improved. Initial results indicate improvements of 4–5 times over the mass resolution obtained with a simple counter electrode. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1304877
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High field ferromagnetic resonance measurements of the anisotropy field of longitudinal recording thin-film media (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 1417-1422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The average value of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field, Hk, is an important parameter for the characterization of magnetic recording media but is difficult to measure accurately due in part to the effect of interactions between the grains. In order to evaluate Hk we have studied two model CoCrPtTa magnetic films using a number of complementary techniques: high field ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) (35.0–45.0 kOe), low field (〈20 kOe) vector vibrating-sample magnetometry and torque magnetometry. The FMR measurements were performed at a number of discrete frequencies in the range 75–93 GHz using a new quasi-optical spectrometer developed at the University of St. Andrews. The values of Hk derived by FMR (10.8 kOe) are approximately 10% greater than those obtained from conventional magnetometry (9.6 kOe). This difference is believed to be due to the presence of intergranular exchange coupling which reduces the measured value of anisotropy when the applied field is not sufficiently large to completely align the magnetic moments. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1428804
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared imaging of the surface temperature field of water during film spreading (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 12 (2000), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Deposition of a spontaneously-spreading film on a clean water surface creates a front which propagates radially outward from the point of deposition. This rapidly spreading film was used as a tool to quickly change the boundary condition of a water surface from one which is shear-free, to a boundary condition which supports shear. Infrared images of a water surface experiencing evaporative convection were recorded as this film spread. These images were converted to surface temperature fields. The amount of turbulent structure present in these fields changes dramatically across the front. Ahead of the front, significant variations at large and small spatial scales are evident, while behind the front the small scale structures are eliminated. The time scale at which this damping occurs is short and has not been reported on heretofore. In addition to being relevant to free surface turbulence, these results demonstrate the utility of infrared imaging in the study of spreading films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870265
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near infra-red radiation squeezing through 20 nm voids in obliquely deposited metal films (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 2143-2144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Obliquely deposited metal films which are nearly continuous, displaying several unexpected solar optical properties. Transmittance intensity, spectral character, preferred direction of incidence, and polarization sensitivity, infer processes which effective-medium models based solely on "interior" properties cannot describe. Amplified transmittance through voids around 20 nm wide involving near surface excitations can explain the data. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1359489
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alverine citrate fails to relieve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Alverine citrate has been used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome for many years.Aims : To compare the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of alverine citrate, a 120-mg capsule, with placebo given three times daily for 12 weeks.Methods : One hundred and seven patients with irritable bowel syndrome were entered into this three-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. The primary end-point was relief of abdominal pain indicated by improvement in the scores for severity and frequency. Secondary efficacy variables included scores for other clinical symptoms and for overall well-being.Results : The severity and frequency of abdominal pain improved in 66% and 68% of patients treated with alverine citrate vs. 58% and 69% of the placebo group, but these differences were not significant. The mean percentage reduction in the scores for abdominal pain from baseline to the final assessment, although greater in the alverine citrate group (43.7%) compared with the placebo group (33.3%), was not statistically significant.Conclusions : Alverine citrate is no better than placebo at relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Future trials should be designed to take into account the high and persistent placebo response seen in this condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01277.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of two methods for customising the original SAPS II model for intensive care patients from South England (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Model customisation is used to adjust prognostic models by re-calibrating them to obtain more reliable mortality estimates. We used two methods for customising the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II model for 15 511 intensive care patients by altering the logit and the coefficients of the original equation. Both methods significantly improved model calibration, but customising the coefficients was slightly more effective. The Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2-value improved from 306.0 (p〈 0.001) before, to 14.5 (p 〈 0.07) and 23.3 (p 〈 0.06) after customisation of the coefficients and the logit, respectively. Discrimination was not affected. The standardised mortality ratio for the entire population declined from 1.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.13–1.20, p 〈 0.001) to 0.99 (95% confidence interval: 0.96–1.02, p 〈 0.22) after customisation of the coefficients. The uniformity-of-fit for patients grouped by operative status and comorbidities also improved, butremained imperfect for patients stratified by location before intensive care unit admission. Amalgamation of large, regional databases could provide the basis for the re-calibration of standard prognostic models, which could then be used as a national reference system to allow more reliable comparisons of the efficacy and quality of care based on severity adjusted outcome measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02698_2.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of low-risk intensive care unit admissions on mortality probabilities by SAPS II, APACHE II and APACHE III (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A large proportion of intensive care unit patients are low-risk admissions. Mortality probabilities generated by predictive systems may not accurately reflect the mortality experienced by subpopulations of critically ill patients. We prospectively assessed the impact of low-risk admissions (mortality risk 〈 10%) on the mortality estimates generated by three prognostic models. We studied 1497 consecutive admissions to a general intensive care unit. The performance of the three models for subgroups and the whole population was analysed. The proportions of patients designated as low risk varied with the model and differences in model performance were most pronounced for these patients. The APACHE II mortality ratios (1.32 vs. 1.19) did not differ for low- and higher risk patients, but mortality ratios generated by APACHE III (2.38 vs. 1.23) and SAPS II (2.19 vs. 1.16) were nearly two-fold greater. Calibration for higher risk patients was similar for all three models but the APACHE III system calibrated worse than the other models for low-risk patients. This may have contributed to the poorer overall calibration of the APACHE III system (Hosmer–Lemeshow C-test: APACHE III χ2 = 329; APACHE II χ2 = 42; SAPS II χ2 = 62). Imperfect characterisation of the large proportion of low-risk intensive care unit admissions may contribute to the deterioration of the models' predictive accuracies for the intensive care population as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02362.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Upper airway reflex sensitivity following general anaesthesia for day-case surgery (2000)
    Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have studied changes in upper airway reflex sensitivity following general anaesthesia using dilute ammonia vapour as a chemical stimulant in 16 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. We measured the threshold concentration of ammonia vapour required to elicit a transient reduction of inspiratory flow caused by glottic closure, defined as a glottic stop. Measurements of upper airway reflex sensitivity and auditory reaction time were obtained before surgery, and at 60 and 120 min after recovery. Auditory reaction time was depressed significantly at 60 min but was similar to baseline values 120 min after recovery. Upper airway reflex sensitivity remained significantly reduced at 60 and 120 min despite the return of auditory reaction time to normal. The lack of correlation between upper airway reflex sensitivity and auditory reaction time suggests that central nervous system depression alone does not explain the delayed recovery in airway reactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.00806.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Authors' Reply (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11133.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAP family proteins delay motoneuron cell death in vivo (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), and human inhibitors of apoptosis 1 and 2 (HIAP1 and HIAP2) are three members of the mammalian family of antiapoptosis proteins called ‘inhibitors of apoptosis’ (IAP). These molecules can prevent apoptosis in vitro and the over-expression of NAIP can decrease ischemic damage in the hippocampus. The goal of our experiments was to determine whether administration of NAIP, HIAP1 and HAIP2 could rescue motoneurons following axotomy of a peripheral nerve. In young rats, an adenoviral gene transfer technique was used to deliver and express these proteins in motoneurons; a fluorescent tracer was simultaneously added as a means for quantitatively assessing the rescue of fluorescently labelled motoneurons in serial sections of the lumbar spinal cord. Control experiments using adenoviral vectors (adv) expressing the lacZ gene showed that 14% of the sciatic motoneuron pool could be transfected indicating the existence of a subpopulation of spinal motoneurons susceptible to this class of viral vectors. The administration of an adv-NAIP, adv-HIAP1 and adv-HIAP2 rescued 30–40% of motoneurons at one week after sciatic axotomy. The efficiency of these proteins was similar to that of two neurotrophic factors, ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, administrated by the same viral technique. The effect of the IAP proteins on motoneuron survival decreased with time but was still present after 4 weeks postaxotomy; the duration of the response was dependent upon the viral titre. These experiments demonstrate that IAP family proteins can prevent motoneuron cell death in vivo and may offer a new therapeutic approach for motoneuron diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00098.x
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