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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 55 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Erythrocyte sedimentation rates from 40 suspensions of packed red blood cells in modified fluid gelatin, 4% albumin solution, 6% hydroxyethyl starch and normal saline were measured at room temperature using Westergren's method. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was extremely high in gelatin and this increase was significant after 10–60 min when compared with the other fluids. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates in albumin, hydroxyethyl starch and normal saline were low and there were no differences between these fluids [erythrocyte sedimentation after 60 min, median (interquartile range): gelatin 128 (111.2–130.0) mm, albumin 2 (1.5–2.0) mm, hydroxyethyl starch 1.5 (1.0–1.6) mm, normal saline 2 (1.9–2.5) mm, p 〈 0.0001]. The addition of twice the volume of modified fluid gelatin to a volume of red blood cells leads to rapid acceleration of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This is caused by increased erythrocyte aggregation, and in clinical practice this effect may be useful for the haemoconcentration of diluted blood from cardiopulmonary bypass circuits or cell-saver autotransfusion in paediatric surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malden USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 14 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Tectonomagmatic similarities between the modern Chilean flat-slab region and pre-Neogene magmatic episodes suggest that they represent analogues to flat subduction. Evolutionary patterns in each magmatic suite include (i) increasing La/Yb ratios and Sr-and Nd-isotopic enrichment through time, (ii) eastward-migration of magmatism after periods of transpressional/transtensional intra-arc deformation, and (iii) subsequent termination and virtual absence of main-arc activity for 5–10 Myr. These patterns may reflect slab shallowing followed by flat subduction and thickening of the overlying crust. If repeated, they require interchanging episodes of slab steepening. Increasing convergence rates force slab kinking and eventual failure of the oversteepened slab, followed by rebound of the slab tip (owing to lack of further slab pull), flat subduction and termination of subduction-related magmatism. Rapid subduction leads to shallow overriding of the detached slab fragment. Eclogitization of the gradually steepening slab tip at depth and subsequent slab pull permits asthenospheric corner flow and subduction-related magmatism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) –¶alveolar surfactant –¶hyaline membranes –¶surfactant phospholipids –¶surfactant apoproteins surfactant inhibition ; Schlüsselwörter Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) –¶Alveolärer Surfactant –¶Hyaline Membranen Surfactant ¶Phospholipide –¶Surfactant Apoproteine –¶Surfactant Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das akute Atemnotsyndrom (ARDS) ist durch ausgedehnte inflammatorische Prozesse im mikrovaskulären, interstitiellen und alveolären Kompartiment der Lunge charakterisiert. Dies führt zu vasomotorischen Veränderungen der pulmonalen Strombahn, Extravasation von Plasmaproteinen, Zellschädigung und schweren Gasaustauschstörungen. Ursächlich werden seit langem auch Veränderungen des alveolären Surfactant-Systems in der pathogenetischen Sequenz dieses lebensbedrohlichen Syndroms diskutiert. Diese Hypothese wird nicht zuletzt durch den ähnlichen Verlauf der respiratorischen Insuffizienz beim ARDS und bei Frühgeborenen (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome [IRDS]), bei denen ein primärer Surfactant-Mangel zugrunde liegt, unterstützt. Die Surfactant-Veränderungen beim ARDS umfassen: Mangel an oberflächenaktiven Substanzen, Veränderungen in der Surfactant-Komposition, Veränderungen in der relativen Surfactant-Subtypenverteilung, Inhibition der Surfactant-Funktion durch extravadierte Plasmaproteine sowie Inhibition oder Veränderung der Surfactant-Komponenten durch inflammatorische Mediatoren.¶   Diese Veränderungen der alveolären Surfactant-Funktion tragen zu den verschiedenen pathophysiologischen Merkmalen beim ARDS bei. Zentrale Bedeutung nehmen dabei der Verlust der Lungencompliance, Ventilations-Perfusions-Verteilungsstörungen einschließlich intrapulmonalem Shunt-Fluß aufgrund einer gestörten Ventilationsverteilung (Atelektasen, partieller Alveolarkollaps, Kollaps der kleinen Atemwege) und Lungenödembildung ein. Darüber hinaus scheinen persistierende Atelektasen, begünstigt durch Surfactant-Mangel und eine alveoläre Fibrinbeladung, Schlüsselreize für die Fibroblastenproliferation und die Ausbildung der Fibrose in der späten Phase der ARDS (Kollaps-Induration) zu sein.¶   Zusammenfassend scheinen die gegenwärtig verfügbaren Daten zu den Störungen der alveolären Surfactant-Funktion beim ARDS therapeutische Studien zur transbronchialen Surfactant-Applikation zu rechtfertigen. In zwei klinischen Untersuchungen, deren Ziel die Überprüfung der sicheren und effizienten Anwendbarkeit einer hohen Dosis transbronchial applizierten Surfactants bei ARDS Patienten war, konnte eine akute Verbesserung des Gasaustausches nachgewiesen werden. Begleitend zur Oxygenierungsverbesserung kam es zu einer weitgehenden, jedoch nicht vollständigen, Wiederherstellung der „physiologischen” Surfactant-Merkmale in der bronchoalveolären Lavageflüssigkeit (BALF) und zur Wiedereröffnung atelektatischer Lungenbezirke mit konsekutiver Reduktion des intrapulmonalen Shunt-Flusses. Darüber hinaus wurde tendenziell in der Therapiegruppe eine niedrigere Letalität beobachtet. Eine kontrollierte Studie prüft derzeit an einem größeren Patientenkollektiv mit ARDS den Einfluß einer transbronchialen Surfactant-Applikation auf die Mortalität dieses Erkrankungsbildes.
    Notes: Summary Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by extended inflammatory processes in the lung microvascular, interstitial and alveolar compartments, resulting in vasomotor disturbances, plasma leakage, cell injury and complex gas exchange disturbances. Abnormalities of the alveolar surfactant system have since long been implicated in the pathogenetic sequelae of this life-threatening syndrome. This hypothesis is supported by similarities in pulmonary failure between patients with ARDS and preterm babies with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), which is known to be triggered primarily by a lack of surfactant material. Mechanisms of surfactant alterations in ARDS include: lack of surface-active compounds, changes in the relative composition of the surfactant constituents, alteration of the extracellular surfactant subtype distribution, inhibition of surfactant function by plasma protein leakage, and damage/inhibition of surfactant compounds by inflammatory mediators.¶   Alterations in alveolar surfactant function may well contribute to a variety of pathophysiological key events encountered in ARDS. These include decrease in compliance, ventilation-perfusion mismatch including shunt-flow due to altered gas flow distribution (atelectasis, partial alveolar collapse, small airway collapse) and lung edema formation. Persistent atelectasis of surfactant-deficient and, in particular, fibrin-loaded alveoli may represent a key event to trigger fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis in late ARDS (collapse induration).¶   Overall, the presently available data on surfactant abnormalities in ARDS lend credit to therapeutic trials with transbronchial surfactant application. Accordingly, acute improvement of gas exchange was encountered in two recently performed pilot studies addressing the safety and efficacy of a transbronchial application of large quantities of exogenous surfactant material. In parallel to a far reaching, but yet not complete restoration of „physiological” surfactant properties in BALF, re-opening of formerly collapsed lung regions with concomitant reduction of intrapulmonary shunt flow was noticed. Although not the primarily goal in these pilot studies, a tendency towards lower mortality in the surfactant treatment groups was noted. At present, a controlled study enrolling higher patient numbers is being performed to probe the impact of a transbronchial surfactant administration on the outcome of ARDS patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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