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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of a liquid crystal of 4-cyano-4′-n-octyloxybiphenyl (2000)
    Springer
    Crystallography reports 45 (2000), S. 98-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1063-7745
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of a liquid crystal of 4-cyano-4′-n-octyloxybiphenyl (C21H25NO) is determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with unit cell parameters a = 7.322(1) Å, b = 12.693(3) Å, c = 20.393(2) Å, α = 92.45(1)°, β = 99.96(1)°, γ = 99.35(2)°, and space group $$P\bar 1$$ . The structure is solved by the direct method and refined to R = 0.057. Two independent molecules are located in the asymmetric unit. No short intermolecular contacts are observed in the crystal packing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.171143
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of 5α-cholest-6-one (2000)
    Springer
    Crystallography reports 45 (2000), S. 785-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1063-7745
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the steroid 5α-cholest-6-one has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystallizes in space group P21 with the unit cell parameters a = 10.575(1) Å, b = 7.698(1) Å, c = 15.284(2) Å, β= 99.34(1)°, V = 1227.72 Å3, Z = 2, and R = 0.054 for 1634 observed reflections. The six-membered rings (A, B, and C) have the chair conformations, whereas the five-membered ring Dis intermediate between 13β-envelope and 13β-14α half-chair. All the rings of the steroid skeleton are trans connected. The molecules are linked together by the intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1312921
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment on "The α-relaxation process in simple glass forming liquid m-toluidine. II. The temperature dependence of the mechanical response" [J. Chem. Phys. 114, 7124 (2001)] (2002)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 116 (2002), S. 7323-7325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a recent paper, Cutroni and Mandacini [J. Chem. Phys. 114, 7124 (2001)] measured sound velocities and absorption coefficients in m-toluidine by an ultrasonic technique. They reported velocities that differ from previous published data and attributed some of these discrepancies to a possible difference between the local temperature which actually prevails at the place where the velocity is determined in these previous measurements, and the real temperature of the liquid. We compare their results with other data and discuss their assumption. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1466470
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Burden of allergic disease in the UK: secondary analyses of national databases (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Although allergy represents an important source of patient morbidity and healthcare utilization, there is little reliable information on the overall disease burden posed by allergic conditions in the UK.Objectives Focusing on the following conditions: allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, asthma, conjunctivitis, eczema/dermatitis, food allergy and urticaria/angioedema, we sought to (i) describe the prevalence, incidence and outcomes of allergic disorders; (ii) describe the NHS healthcare burden posed by allergic disorders; (iii) estimate the costs of allergic disorders from a healthcare perspective.Methods Secondary analyses of data from the Health Survey for England, Scottish Health Survey, International Study of Allergies and Asthma in Childhood, European Community Respiratory Health Survey, Morbidity Statistics from General Practice 1991/1992, Royal College of General Practitioners Weekly Returns Service, Prescribing Analysis and Cost data, Hospital Episodes Statistics and national mortality data.Results Thirty-nine percent of children and 30% of adults have been diagnosed with one or more atopic conditions. Six percent of general practice consultations and 0.8% of hospital admissions are for allergic diseases. Treatments for asthma and other allergic disorders currently account for 10% of primary care prescribing costs. Direct NHS costs for managing allergic problems are estimated at over one billion UK pounds per annum.Conclusions Allergic disorders are common throughout the UK, affecting males and females of all ages and peoples from all social classes and ethnic groups. They currently represent a substantial burden of morbidity and health service cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1935.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspiration cytodiagnosis of small cell malignancies found in fine needle aspirate (FNA) of the liver: an immunocytochemical study (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 11 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study the features of small cell malignancies found in the liver by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and immunostains required for a diagnosis and differential diagnosis are presented. The material consisted of 197 fine needle aspirates which were performed under image guidance between January 1982 to October 1999. Of these, 30 were diagnosed as small cell malignancies. The age of patients ranged between 46 and 68 years. The aspirated material was examined using Papanicolaou-stained filter preparations and cell blocks, the latter stained with hematoxylin and eosin and a panel of immunoperoxidase stains. The diagnoses based on a correlation of relevant clinical history, cytohistological findings and immunostaining were: metastatic small cell anaplastic carcinoma of lung (n = 6); neuroendocrine tumour (n = 9); non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 4); well-differentiated cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2); metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (n = 2); metastatic adenocarcinoma (n = 4) and metastatic carcinoma breast (n = 3). This study emphasizes the wide range of neoplasms that enter into the differential diagnosis of small cell malignancies found in the liver and a correlation of clinical, cytohistological and immunostaining findings which seem to be useful in suggesting a diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.2000.00258.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of secretory carcinoma of the breast (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 11 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Secretory carcinoma (SC) of the breast is a rare variant of breast malignancy and its cytological features in fine needle aspirates have only recently been described. In this communication, our experience with four cases of SC of the breast is presented in which the diagnosis was established on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In all cases, the samples were cellular and featured diffuse, prominent, intracytoplasmic vacuoles and secretion in malignant cells and occasional signet-ring like forms. The cytodiagnosis of SC in all the cases correlated with subsequent examination of cell blocks of the aspirate and tissue. Cytochemical stains showed diffuse positivity for mucin by alcian blue stain in the vacuolated cells which was periodic acid–Schiff positive and resistant to diastase digestion. Oil-red O staining was negative. Immunopositivity to carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin (CAM 5.2), B72.3 and epithelial membrane antigen was found in malignant cells. The cytodiagnostic criteria for SC of the breast, characteristic cytological features which are useful in a correct FNAC diagnosis and differentiation from other pertinent breast carcinomas, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.2000.00283.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral breast lumps in a young female – cytological approach to diagnosis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 15 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2303.2004.00158.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of nipple discharge cytology in the diagnosis of breast disease: a study of 1948 nipple discharge smears from 1530 patients (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 15 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study a review of 1948 nipple discharge (ND) samples from 1530 patients in the age range of 18–83 years was undertaken to determine whether cytological findings from ND smears could provide useful diagnostic information regarding various breast lesions. The study included 1494 females and 36 males and was carried out during a period of 20 years 8 months. The clinical information in all patients was obtained from clinicians (coauthors†), medical records and a review of biopsies in 205 patients who had undergone surgery following the cytodiagnosis. Of the ND samples examined, 1480 were unilateral while 468 were from 234 bilateral ND. The cytodiagnoses were: benign 624, inadequate (despite two to three repeat samples) 492, inflammatory 96, papillary lesion not otherwise specified (NOS) 229, suspicious 22 (21 females, one male) and malignant 67 (63 females, four males). A breast biopsy in the 22 suspicious cases revealed breast carcinoma in 18 cases (females n = 17, male n = 1), atypical ductal hyperplasia (female n = 1), fibroadenoma (female n = 1) and a papilloma in two females. In the 67 cases with a diagnosis of malignancy 65 revealed a breast carcinoma in the biopsy (female n = 62, male n = 3) while one female was diagnosed as fibroadenoma and one male as florid gynaecomastia. In 63 cases (females n = 61; males n = 2) with clinical lumpy areas consistent with the diagnosis of fibrocystic condition in ND, the biopsy confirmed a fibrocystic process. In 53 of 229 cases with ND findings suggestive of a papillary lesion (NOS) the biopsy revealed a papilloma in 41 cases while in 12 cases no lesion was found. In the remaining cases of all the groups only a clinical follow-up and appropriate investigations were performed with no untoward outcome. Based on our study it is felt that cytological examination of ND smears seems to be a reasonably specific method in the diagnosis of malignant and suspicious cases but may be somewhat less specific for other diagnoses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2303.2004.00169.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytodiagnosis of neoplasms of the central nervous system in cerebrospinal fluid samples with an application of selective immunostains in differentiation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 15 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study cytological findings in specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of central nervous system (CNS) tumours (16 primaries, 57 metastatic and 12 suspicious) are presented, which were diagnosed over a period of 7〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:09565507:CYT112:CYT_112_mu1" location="equation/CYT_112_mu1.gif"/〉 years in 85 patients (50 females and 35 males) with an age range of 2–76 years. The follow-up included information from clinicians and a review of medical charts, histological correlation and/or further investigations following cytodiagnosis. The patients clinically presented with signs and symptoms of meningeal involvement. The primary tumours included six medulloblastomas, eight gliomas (four glioblastomata multiforme, two anaplastic astrocytomas, and two ependymomas) and two germinomas. The metastatic tumours were 14 melanomas, 19 breast carcinomas, four leukaemias, six B-cell lymphomas, five adenocarcinomas of gastrointestinal origin, seven carcinomas of lung, one retinoblastoma and one neuroblastoma. Twelve cases were reported as suspicious. On further investigations, four of these were from a primary tumour (two glioblastomata multiforme and two anaplastic astrocytomas) while the other eight cases were of a metastasis (one B-cell lymphoma, three breast carcinomas, three melanomas and one adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin). Using a panel of selective immunostains in some of the cases supported the cytological diagnosis and this was considered useful in furthering cytodiagnosis. In 75 of the patients the CSF samples were obtained on a spinal tap while in 10 patients the samples were received as ventricular CSF. There were no false-positive cases. The results of our study suggest that CSF cytology in the diagnosis of CNS tumours is quite reliable and reflects involvement of leptomeninges or the ventricles. Furthermore, the use of selective immunostains can be helpful in confirming the cytological impression and source of the tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.2003.00112.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the assessment of palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes: a study of 218 cases (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the assessment of palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes. The material was analysed in 218 cases with enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes in which FNAC was performed by the conventional method. In all cases cytological examination was performed on-site after staining the smears by the Papanicolaou method. In addition, air-dried smears, fixed smears, filter preparations from needle washings and cell blocks were studied. The FNAC diagnosis was supported by examining cell blocks which added the reliability of histological architecture; further support was obtained by tissue biopsy and/or comparison with the primary tumour in some of the cases. Eleven cases were diagnosed as inflammatory lesions and 41 cases were unsatisfactory because of scanty/acellular samples (despite two to three repeat samplings). However, in five of these, malignant tumours were later found on biopsy, which was done for persistent enlargement of the supraclavicular lymph node(s). Fifty-three cases were diagnosed as negative for malignancy (normal cellular elements, n = 15; reactive elements, n = 38) and 12 cases were suspicious of malignancy. In 11 cases a diagnosis of lymphoma was made on histology and in 90 cases metastatic tumours were diagnosed. The overall sensitivity was 92.7%, specificity 98.5%, positive predictive value 97.3% and the negative predictive value was 94.8%. Based on our study we feel that FNAC of palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes as a first line of investigation is a cost-effective procedure and is not only useful in the diagnosis of various lesions but can also help in deciding on appropriate management. Furthermore, the histological architecture from cell blocks can be correlated with cytology, and such material can be used for appropriate histochemical and immunomarker studies, which can be useful in enhancing the diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.2003.00057.x
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