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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 338-342 (May 2000), p. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 331-337 (May 2000), p. 1101-1106 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 107 (2000), S. 715-720 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Drug-associated stimuli, craving, drug memory, cue reactivity, conditioned response.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Due to conditioning processes, originally neutral stimuli become drug-associated cues and can initiate drug craving. Standardized stimuli are required to assess stimulus-induced activation of drug memory and craving in brain imaging and neurophysiology studies. We developed substance-specific visual and olfactory stimuli for alcohol, tobacco, opiate and cannabis abuse and tested them in subjects with the respective addiction and in healthy volunteers. Stimulus-related drug craving differed significantly between the diagnostic groups and indicated that the stimuli are suitable for craving studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 54-57 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Synaptische Dopaminkonzentration ; phasische Dopaminfreisetzung ; SPECT ; IBZM ; AMPT ; Key words Synaptic dopamine concentration ; phasic dopamine release ; SPECT ; IBZM ; AMPT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia was based on the neuroleptical blockade of central dopamine D2 receptors. Brain imaging studies, however, generally failed to demonstrate a significant increase in central D2 receptors among schizophrenic patients. Using a novel approach, the group of Laruelle and Abi-Dargham was now able to demonstrate that schizophrenic patients have increased synaptic dopamine concentrations in the striatum. Endogenous dopamine competes with a radioligand for binding at dopamine D2 receptors; compared to healthy control subjects, blockade of dopamine production in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients induced a significantly higher increase in D2 binding of the infused radioligand, indicating higher endogenous synaptic dopamine. A similar increase in D2 binding was also observed in drug-free schizophrenics who had previously been treated with neuroleptics; these patients also showed an increased density of striatal D2 receptors, most likely due to counteradaptive upregulation of D2 receptors during neuroleptic medication. The Columbia study provides an important indication of hyperdopaminergic function in schizophrenia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Dopaminhypothese der Schizophrenien gründet sich auf die Beobachtung der neuroleptikabedingten Blockade zentraler Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren. Bildgebende Studien zeigten jedoch keine Erhöhung der zentralen Dopaminrezeptoren. Mit einer neuartigen Verfahrensweise konnte jetzt die Arbeitsgruppe von Laruelle und Abi-Dargham an der Columbia Universität zeigen, dass bisher unmedizierte schizophrene Patienten eine erhöhte Dopaminkonzentration in den striären Synapsen aufweisen. Das endogene Dopamin konkurriert mit dem Radioliganden um die Bindung am D2-Rezeptor; die Blockade der Dopaminproduktion führte bei bisher unbehandelten schizophrenen Patienten zu einem stärkeren Anstieg der Bindung des infundierten Radioliganden an zentrale D2-Rezeptoren als dies bei den gesunden Kontrollpersonen der Fall war, was auf erhöhte synaptische Dopaminkonzentrationen bei diesen Patienten hinweist. Auch bei medikationsfreien, aber bereits früher mit Neuroleptika behandelten Patienten stieg die D2-Bindung stärker an als bei Kontrollpersonen, zudem war bei diesen Patienten die Dichte der striären D2-Rezeptoren erhöht, wahrscheinlich als Ausdruck einer Gegenregulation im Rahmen der früheren neuroleptischen Therapie. Die Studie ist ein entscheidender Hinweis auf das Vorliegen einer erhöhten dopaminergen Neurotransmission bei schizophrenen Patienten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: “Proton sponge” analogues ; Orientation dependence of hydrogen bonds ; Crystal structures ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(dimethylamino)benzene (4) and 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (5) were prepared and structurally determined. Electron-donor functions, protonation, and the geometry of intramolecular hydrogen bonds are discussed. By oxidation of 4 to its dication the benzenoid aromaticity is cancelled in favour of two independent cyanine-type units as determined by X-ray structure analysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes ; Basicity ; Hydrogen bonds ; Cyclicvoltammetry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---For comparison to the recently described 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (1) the three isomers 2,3, and 4 were synthesized. The basicities of this group of isomers are strongly dependent upon the different mutual orientations of the pairs of dimethylamino substituents: only the isomers 3 and, partially, 4, both with dimethylamino groups in adjacent peri-positions of the naphthalene, are strong “proton sponges”. For the isomers 1 and 2 with the same number and kind of twofold dimethylamino substituents in neighbouring ortho-positions, however, no significant basicity increase is observed. To explain this difference between the two groups of isomers it is suggested that in the ortho-pairs of 1 and 2 the C-N bonds diverge considerably, leading to an increased N···N distance and consequently to less stable [N···H···N]+ hydrogen bonds in contrast to the parallel C-N bonds in the peri-substituted isomers 3 and 4. X-ray crystal structure analyses of the bases and of some of the salts derived therefrom were solved and are discussed. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that 1 to 4 are strong electron donors, reacting easily to radical cations or dications which with suitable acids have been obtained as salts.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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