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  • 2000-2004  (19)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow around a Rushton turbine (2000)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 29 (2000), S. 478-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The principles of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV), including distortion compensation, were applied to the turbulent flow in a vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine. An angular offset configuration was used and tilt-axis lens mounts were incorporated in order to satisfy the Scheimpflug condition, significantly reducing the ordinarily large depth of field requirements of such configurations. A distortion compensation procedure, or in situ calibration, was utilized in place of the ray tracing, or mechanical registration, used in previous studies. The calibration procedure was validated using two tests, one a rigid translation of a speckle target, the other the viscous flow between two concentric cylinders. The results of the tests suggest the success with which the distortion compensation procedure may be applied to real fluid flows. Phase-locked instantaneous data were ensemble averaged and interpolated in order to obtain mean 3-D velocity fields on a cylindrical shell enclosing the turbine blade. From these fields, the tip vortex pairs and the radial jet documented in previous studies of mixer flows were easily identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480000116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 420 (2002), S. 563-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts. There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensure that each is represented in a physical collection of clones. Here we report the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01266
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced-fat foods: the shopper’s viewpoint (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 26 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The inclusion of reduced-fat foods in the daily diet affords consumers the potential to reduce overall dietary fat. Nevertheless, despite an increased range of these food products throughout the market, there has remained a lack of widespread consumer acceptance. The aim of the study was therefore to understand why consumers choose or reject reduced-fat foods. Ninety consumers were interviewed by means of a qualitative approach within food retail outlets in the United Kingdom. Thematic content analysis indicated that uptake or rejection of these products is influenced by health concerns, ‘goodness of fit’ with individual dietary health strategies, the preferences of different household members, perceived sensory properties and scepticism towards these products. The results imply a need to explore and innovate ‘natural’ fat substitutes and to improve the sensory quality of reduced-fat products. Further research is required to determine how these foods are used within the household and incorporated within the overall diet. Policy must seek to restore consumer trust in reduced-fat food products and the food supply generally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1470-6431.2002.00198.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reducing the need for food allergen challenges in young children: a comparison of in vitro with in vivo tests (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC), the gold standard for the diagnosis of food hypersensitivity, are time-consuming and not without risk. We have recently reported skin prick test (SPT) weal diameters to cow's milk, egg and peanut above which infants and young children referred for investigation of suspected food allergy showed an adverse reaction on food challenge. We have termed these the ‘100% diagnostic SPT levels’. In this study, we compare in vivo with in vitro measurement of IgE antibody levels to three common food allergens — cow's milk, egg and peanut — in infants and young children with suspected food allergy, in order to reduce the need for food challenges.Methods SPT and Enzyme Allergo-sorbent Test (EAST) (from 1992 to 1998) and CAP values (from 1999 to 2000) were performed in 820 children 〈 2 years of age with suspected allergy to cow's milk and/or egg and/or peanut. SPT levels previously shown to be diagnostic of challenge-proven allergy to cow's milk, egg and peanut were used as the ‘100% diagnostic SPT levels’ and compared with EAST and CAP values associated with IgE food allergy according to the manufacturer's definition.Results McNemar's test showed a significant difference between the ‘100% diagnostic SPT levels’ and positive EAST in identifying patients who did not require food challenge for cow's milk (P = 0.01), egg (P 〈 10−6) and peanut (P 〈 10−6), and a significant difference between the ‘100% diagnostic SPT levels’ and positive CAP (P 〈 10−6) for egg and peanut but not cow's milk. Twenty-three per cent of food challenges which, based on the results of EAST and CAP, would have been necessary to confirm the diagnosis of food allergy were avoided by the use of the ‘100% diagnostic SPT levels’.Conclusion The use of the ‘100% diagnostic SPT levels’ compared with in vitro measurement of IgE antibody to cow's milk, egg and peanut reduces the need for food challenge in young children with suspected food allergy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01113.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk factors for atopic dermatitis in infancy: are we closer to effective primary atopy prevention? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01760.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of allergen skin testing in predicting positive open food challenges to milk, egg and peanut in children (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The specificity of allergen skin prick testing to diagnose clinically relevant food allergy is controversial.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectivesTo determine the specificity of the allergen weal diameter to correctly identify children who react on formal open food challenges.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsOver a 9-year period children referred to a tertiary allergy clinic for the evaluation of suspected food allergy were prospectively studied. Allergen skin prick testing to cow milk, egg white and peanut extracts (Dome-Hollister-Stier, Spokane, WA, USA) was undertaken using a lancet technique. All children underwent open food challenges to the relevant food(s) in a hospital clinic. Challenges were classified as positive, if objective signs were seen; negative, if the child could tolerate normal quantities of the food, daily, for one week; or inconclusive if none of the former criteria were met.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsFive hundred and fifty-five challenges were undertaken in 467 children: 339 challenges to cow milk, 121 to egg, and 95 to peanut. Fifty-five percentage of challenges were positive, 37% negative, and 8% inconclusive. For each food it was possible to identify a skin weal diameter at, and above, which negative reactions did not occur: cow milk, 8 mm; egg, 7 mm; peanut, 8 mm. In contrast, positive reactions could occur with a skin wheal diameter of 0 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsIn this high risk referral population it was possible to define skin weal diameters to egg, milk and peanut above which open oral food challenges were positive (100% specificity). By utilizing these measurements the need for formal food challenges can be reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00928.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A consensus protocol for the determination of the threshold doses for allergenic foods: how much is too much? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background While the ingestion of small amounts of an offending food can elicit adverse reactions in individuals with IgE-mediated food allergies, little information is known regarding these threshold doses for specific allergenic foods. While low-dose challenge trials have been conducted on an appreciable number of allergic individuals, a variety of different clinical protocols were used making the estimation of the threshold dose very difficult.Objective A roundtable conference was convened to develop a consensus clinical protocol for low-dose challenge trials for the estimation of threshold doses for specific allergenic foods.Methods In May 2002, 20 clinical allergists and other interested parties were invited to participate in a roundtable conference to develop consensus of the key elements of a clinical protocol for low-dose challenge trials.Results A consensus protocol was developed. Patients with convincing histories of food allergies and supporting diagnostic evidence including past challenge trials or high CAP–RAST scores can be enrolled in low-dose challenge trials. Care must be taken with younger patients to assure that they have not outgrown their food allergy. An approach was developed for the medication status of patients entering such trials. Challenge materials must be standardized, for example, partially defatted peanut flour composed of equal amounts of the three major varieties of peanuts (Florunner, Virginia, Spanish). Challenge materials must be appropriately blinded with sensory evaluation used to confirm the adequacy of blinding. A double-blind, placebo-controlled design should be used for low-dose challenge trials. Low-dose challenge trials would begin at doses of 10 μg of the allergenic food and would continue with doses of 100 μg and 1 mg followed by specific higher doses up to 100 mg depending upon the expert judgement of the physician; even higher doses might be applied to assure that the patient is indeed reactive to the particular food. A 30-min time interval would be used between doses, and reactive doses would be expressed as both discrete and cumulative doses. The goal of each challenge would be to develop objective symptoms; trials should not be discontinued on the basis of subjective symptoms only. Statistically, a minimum of 29 patients would be enrolled in low-dose challenge trials for each allergenic food because 0 reactors out of 29 patients at a particular dose allow the conclusion that there is 95% certainty that 90% of allergic individuals will not react to that dose.Conclusion A consensus protocol was developed. Using this protocol, it will be possible to estimate threshold doses for allergenic foods, the lowest amount that elicits mild, objective symptoms in highly sensitive individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1886.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal breast milk long-chain n-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed infants (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Australia has one of the highest prevalence rates internationally of allergic conditions, such as asthma and eczema. Atopy is one hallmark for the development of allergic disease and predisposes to allergic inflammation in the target organs. ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) are thought to act as precursors to the formation of less active inflammatory mediators, with the potential to reduce inflammation.Objective To investigate whether increased n-3 FA levels in maternal breast milk are associated with a lower risk of developing atopy in infancy.Methods Subjects were part of the prospective Melbourne atopy cohort study, which involved 620 children born into families where at least one first-degree relative had an atopic disease. Some 224 women (mean age 31.4±4.2 (SD) years, with 73.2% (n=164) having self-reported atopy) provided either a colostrum (n=194) or 3-month expressed breast milk (EBM) sample (n=118). Maternal colostrum and 3-month EBM samples were analysed for FA content by gas chromatography. Skin prick tests (SPTs) to six common allergens were performed on infants at 6, 12 and 24 months of age and on mothers who agreed at study entry.Results For infants sensitized to foods at 6 months (n=29), the total n-3 FA level in the colostrum was significantly higher (P=0.004) as were levels of individual long-chain n-3 FAs, docosoapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5, P=0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, P=0.002) than in non-sensitized infants. Infants with aero-allergen sensitization at 24 months (n=30) had higher levels of the n-3 FA, DPA (P=0.002) and DHA (P=0.007), and similarly higher total n-3 FA (P=0.009) in maternal colostrum than those infants who were not sensitized.Conclusion Higher n-3 FA levels in the colostrum do not appear to confer protection against, but may be a risk factor for, the eventual development of atopy in high-risk breastfed infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01852.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostic gold standard for soft tissue tumours: morphology or molecular genetics? (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The recognition of recurrent genetic alterations in specific tumour types has provided the basis for the reclassification of certain soft tissue neoplasms, and molecular analysis of patient material has the potential to provide both diagnostic and prognostic information. In this review, we evaluate the role of molecular genetic testing as the prospective ‘gold standard’ for sarcoma diagnosis. Molecular genetic testing, as with every new method, promises to improve accuracy and to be more sensitive and less subjective, claims that have been made previously by histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Technical limitations in molecular assays, as well as more general specificity issues, decrease the clinical usefulness of molecular pathological testing significantly and suggest that, at present, molecular evaluation is best considered an ancillary technique that neither supersedes other ancillary techniques nor eclipses traditional pathological examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01107.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food allergy and atopic dermatitis in infancy: an epidemiologic study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 15 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Atopic dermatitis is common in infancy. The role of food allergy in atopic dermatitis of infancy is unclear. We examined the relationship between atopic dermatitis and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy in infancy. A birth cohort of 620 infants with a family history of eczema, asthma, hayfever or immediate food allergy in a parent or sibling: 487 children had complete data including skin prick tests (SPTs) to evaluate IgE-mediated food allergy to cow milk, egg and peanut. Participants were grouped as no atopic dermatitis (Gp 0) or in quartiles of increasing severity of atopic dermatitis (Gps 1–4) quantified by days of topical steroid use as reported monthly. Adverse reactions to foods were recorded. The cumulative prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 28.9% to 12 months (10.3% of the cohort of moderate severity). As atopic dermatitis severity increased so did the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy (Gp 0, 40/346 vs. Gp 1, 6/36 vs. Gp 2, 8/35 vs. Gp 3, 12/35 vs. Gp 4, 24/35; χ2 = 76; p 〈 10−6), and the frequency of reported adverse food allergy reactions (Gp 0, 43/346 vs. Gp 1, 4/36 vs. Gp 2, 8/35, vs. Gp 3, 5/35, vs. Gp 4, 13/35; χ2 = 17; p = 0.002). The relative risk of an infant with atopic dermatitis having IgE-mediated food allergy is 5.9 for the most severely affected group. Atopic dermatitis is common in infancy. There is a strong association between IgE-mediated food allergy and atopic dermatitis in this age group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.00178.x
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