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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 4449-4456 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A high-spatial-resolution x-ray imaging system for microscopic use has been developed, which utilizes a charge-coupled-device (CCD) detector as an imaging device. The spatial resolution of the x-ray CCD detector with Gd2O2S:Tb is 8.0 μm in terms of the full width at half-maximum of the line-spread function with a conversion gain of 0.58 e-h/xph. In order to obtain a higher spatial resolution, x-ray magnifiers based on asymmetric Si(111) Bragg reflections are placed in front of the x-ray CCD detector. The spatial resolution of this imaging system has been improved to 1.2 μm. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The development of ultra-intense lasers has facilitated new studies in laboratory astrophysics and high-density nuclear science, including laser fusion. Such research relies on the efficient generation of enormous numbers of high-energy charged particles. For example, laser–matter ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 6229-6231 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The power loss (Pcv) was analyzed by combining two methods. The first, Pcv, is divided into hysteresis loss (Ph) and residual loss (Pr) from the frequency dependence of the power loss according to the method of Otsuki et al., and, second, the loss factors are attributed to domain wall motion (Pw) and the rotation magnetization (Prot) by adapting the method proposed by Visser et al. It was found that Pw coincides with Ph in the lower frequency range, but the difference between them becomes significant as frequency goes up. The higher value of Pw, in comparison with Ph in the higher frequency range, can be attributed to the enhancement of loss due to the dynamic motion of the domain wall (Pwd) by raising the frequency. The hysteresis loss dominates Pcv in the frequency range below 500 kHz, while Pwd becomes predominant factor in the higher frequency range more than 500 kHz. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 3859-3863 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this article we describe a diamagnetic double-loop method for measurement of the energy stored in a magnetized plasma. Two concentric diamagnetic loops enclose a plasma column. The advantage of this method is the capability to eliminate to a high extent the background magnetic field and the effect of eddy currents in the measurement of relatively small diamagnetic signals. This method was applied to initial plasmas produced in the helical axis stellarator Heliotron J. A stored energy of 0.7 kJ was measured with a resolution of ±0.02 kJ at rippling magnetic field of 1 T in a plasma heated by rf discharges up to 400 kW. This diamagnetic double-loop method improved the signal to noise ratio of the conventional single loop method sixfold. The magnetic diagnostics hardware, experimental results, and an error estimate are presented. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 3595-3601 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The property of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) generation from Xe clusters irradiated with intense lasers was studied. The Xe cluster jet was well characterized by the interferometric method. In order to obtain the adequate irradiation condition for strong EUV generation, EUV spectra were taken with various laser systems. Then, the wavelength, the pulse width, and the pump energy were widely varied. Through this survey, even with the comparatively low-density Xe jet of ≤5×1018 cm−3 average atomic density, the highest conversion efficiency of over 10% from laser energy to EUV (5–18 nm) was obtained with a subpicosecond KrF laser pulse, where a 4π source was assumed. This EUV source is considered to be attractive as an EUV lithography light source because of its low average atomic density and small Xe cluster. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-863X
    Keywords: Key words Brackish Lake Obuchi ; Salinity ; Water quality ; Density gradient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuations in the salinity and physicochemical characteristics of water quality were surveyed in brackish Lake Obuchi on the Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori, Japan. The mean salinity in the surface layer in all regions of Lake Obuchi was about 10 psu, whereas in the basin region at depths of greater than 3 m it was 20 psu. Furthermore, all the year round the halocline was formed at depths of 1–4 m. The maximum density gradient along a vertical axis in the center of the lake was observed at depths of 1–2 m in summer and 2–4 m in spring and fall. The depth of the maximum density gradient fluctuated with the seasons. In summer the water in the bottom layer was anoxic, and Fe, Mn, PO4 3−-P, and NH4 +-N supplied from the bottom sediment accumulated at high concentrations below the halocline. Thus, it was observed that the transfer of substances between the layers above and below the barrier formed by the halocline is suppressed. Although Lake Obuchi is small and shallow, the inflowing seawater easily resides, and a stable halocline readily forms because of the shape of its basin, which suddenly deepens on the Pacific Ocean side.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1439-863X
    Keywords: Key words Urea decomposition ; Size fraction ; Phytoplankton ; Lake Nakaumi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of brackish phytoplankton cell classes upon the response of urea decomposition was investigated in Lake Nakaumi. The urea decomposition rate was 5 to 350 μmol urea m−3 h−1 in the light and 3 to 137 μmol urea m−3 h−1 in the dark. The urea decomposition rates in the light were obviously higher than in the dark. An extremely high rate (350 μmol urea m−3 h−1) was observed in Yonago Bay. The rate in the smaller fraction (〈5 μm) exceeded that in the middle (5–25 μm) and larger fractions (〉25 μm). The chlorophyll- and photosynthesis-specific rates for urea decomposition in the light were 0.5 to 3.9 μmol urea mg chl.a −1 h−1 and 0.3 to 1.3 μmol urea mg photo.C−1. The specific urea decomposing activities were higher in the smaller fraction than in the other two fractions. The present results suggest that in brackish waters urea decomposition occurred with coupling to the standing crop and photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-863X
    Keywords: Key words Urea decomposition ; Diel variation ; Lake Nakaumi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diel variations in urea decomposing activity in the euphotic zone of brackish Lake Nakaumi were measured under fixed light intensity. The decomposition rate of urea was 17 to 44 μ mol urea m−3 h−1 in the light and 10 to 27 μ mol urea m−3 h−1 in the dark. Higher decomposition rates were obtained in the upper euphotic zone. A clear diel periodicity in the urea decomposition rate was observed, with high rates from 1200 to 1600 and low rates from 0000 to 0400. Chlorophyll a specific decomposing activity ranged from 12 to 21 μg urea C mg chl.a −1 h−1 in the light and 7 to 13 μg urea C mg chl.a −1 h−1 in the dark. In the light, high values were obtained from 1600 to 2000 and low values from 0400 to 0800. The diel change in specific decomposing activity exhibited a similar pattern to that of the photosynthetic assimilation number, following the diel change in photosynthetic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-863X
    Keywords: Key words Brackish Lake Obuchi ; Uranium ; Sediment ; Physicochemical form ; Sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The physicochemical form of uranium (238U) in the sediment of brackish Lake Obuchi was investigated using the standard procedures of sequential extraction. Approximately 60% to 70% of 238U was composed of the form bound to carbonates and iron (Fe)-manganese (Mn) oxides in silty sediments, whereas more than 50% of 238U existed in the minerals of sandy sediments. The proportions of 238U bound to carbonates in the sediments of brackish Lake Obuchi were larger than those in fresh-water lake sediments. Most of the uranium in the brackish lake sediment was considered to be mainly influenced by UO2(CO3)3 4− in seawater, judging from the fact that the 234U/ 238U activity ratios (1.13 to 1.16) of silty sediments were very close to that of seawater (1.14). The high correlation found between the 238U concentration in the sediment and the amount of organic matter demonstrated that organic matter acts as a scavenger for 238U accumulation on the lake bottom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 254-256 (Dec. 2003), p. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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