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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced Growth Yield of Activated Sludge in Organic Protonophore-Containing Batch Culture (2000)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 39 (2000), S. 168 -173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of organic protonophores 2,4-dinitrophenol (dNP) and para-nitrophenol (pNP) on the observed growth yield (Y obs) was studied using batch cultures of activated sludge microorganisms. A growth yield model was proposed in relation to the ratio of initial protonophore concentration (C u) to initial biomass concentration (X 0) and was verified with experimental data. It was found that Y obs decreased with the increase of the C u/X 0 ratio, while the specific rate of glucose consumption was increased. Results showed that the C u/X 0 ratio could more reasonably reflect the real strength of organic protonophore exerted to activated sludge than using C u only. Based on the concept of growth yield, a model describing the uncoupling degree between energy generated via electron transport system and energy used for growth was further developed for protonophore-containing batch culture. It was shown that more than 60% of glucose was consumed through a futile cycle of energy rather than for growth at higher C u/X 0 ratios. This research usefully shows that the dissipation of energy via uncoupling biochemical processes can reduce excessive production of activated sludge markedly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900189
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fruiting body production in basidiomycetes (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 54 (2000), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mushroom cultivation presents an economically important biotechnological industry that has markedly expanded all over the world in the past few decades. Mushrooms serve as delicacies for human consumption and as nutriceuticals, as “food that also cures”. Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetous fungi, contain substances of various kinds that are highly valued as medicines, flavourings and perfumes. Nevertheless, the biological potential of mushrooms is probably far from exploited. A major problem up to now is that only a few species can be induced to fruit in culture. Our current knowledge on the biological processes of fruiting body initiation and development is limited and arises mostly from studies of selected model organisms that are accessible to molecular genetics. A better understanding of the developmental processes underlying fruiting in these model organisms is expected to help mushroom cultivation of other basidiomycetes in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000396
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hyperfine structure of the 1 3Δg state of Na2 (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 115 (2001), S. 3647-3656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hyperfine spectra of the Na2 1 3Δg state have been recorded with sub-Doppler continuous wave (CW) perturbation facilitated optical–optical double resonance (PFOODR) spectroscopy via A 1∑u+∼b 3∏u mixed intermediate levels. The rotational lines into the N=14–51 levels of the 1 3Δg state observed previously [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 134, 50 (1989)] have four components for transitions between symmetric rotational levels or five components for transitions between antisymmetric rotational levels and the hyperfine coupling belongs to Hund's case bβS. For the low-N levels observed later, however, the hyperfine spectra are much more complicated. We have worked out the matrix elements of the molecular Hamiltonian in the case bβS basis. After taking into consideration spin–orbit, spin–spin, and spin–rotation interactions, we obtained a set of molecular constants for the Na2 1 3Δg state, with which we can reproduce the hyperfine spectra of both high- and low-N rotational levels. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1388548
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct-method-aided phasing of MAD data (2001)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 57 (2001), S. 250-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The direct methods of breaking the phase ambiguity intrinsic in one-wavelength anomalous scattering (OAS) data and MAD phasing are powerful methods in their own rights. In a different context, in addition to their success in phasing OAS data, direct methods can also be useful in the treatment of MAD data. The idea has been tested with the MAD data at 2.5 Å resolution from the protein human adenosine kinase [Mathews et al. (1998), Biochemistry, 37, 15607–15620]. The results showed that the incorporation of direct methods in MAD phasing led to a significant improvement of phases over those obtained from the conventional MAD phasing method alone, as indicated by improved map correlation coefficients (with the existing model), reduced phase errors by 4.5° and improved map connectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444900018606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solving crystal structures from two-wavelength X-ray powder diffraction data – breaking the phase ambiguity in the noncentrosymmetric case (2000)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 592-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Direct methods of breaking phase ambiguities in protein crystallography have been introduced in powder diffraction analysis. This is aiming at ab initio solution of noncentrosymmetric structures using two-wavelength anomalous powder diffraction data. The known structure of the hydrogen bromide salt of leotidine (C14H20O2N2·HBr) in space group P212121 was used for simulating two-wavelength anomalous powder diffraction with the Br atom as anomalous scatterer. X-ray wavelengths are selected at \lambda_1 = 0.920 and \lambda_2 = 1.500 Å. Unique reflections from the diffraction pattern of \lambda_2 were able to locate the Br atom accurately. All overlapping diffraction peaks were uniformly partitioned to decompose into single reflections. Structure-factor amplitudes were then extracted. With these and the substructure of Br atoms, unique phases for centric reflections (hk0, h0l and 0kl) and phase doublets for noncentric reflections were obtained. The direct method was used to break the phase ambiguity leading to an interpretable electron-density map, from which five cycles of Fourier iteration yielded the complete structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767300011417
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Process Conditions on the Physical and Sensory Properties of Extruded Oat-Corn Puff (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 65 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The effect of processing variables, including screw speed (200,300, and 400 rpm), moisture content (18, 19.5, and 21%), and four different percentages (55,70,85, and 100%) of oat flour, on the extrudate physical properties (expansion, bulk density, and texture profiles) and sensory properties were studied. Increasing the percentage of oat flour resulted in extrudates with a lower specific length, higher bulk density, lower lightness, higher redness, lower yellowness, higher hardness, and lower springiness, gumminess, and chewiness. Higher moisture content reduced expansion, except for the 100% oat flour puffs. Screw speed had no significant effect on the bulk density, specific length, and expansion ratio. Principal Component Analysis showed that decreasing moisture content and increasing screw speed resulted in increased product temperature, which was highly correlated with attributes of a more expanded product such as lightness, crispness, shininess, and an open cell structure. With a higher screw speed and a higher product temperature, corn-related flavors were more likely to develop. High correlations between physical and sensory properties were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb10274.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous, dense, highly collimated sodium beam (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 3668-3676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a slow, highly collimated, and bright sodium atom beam suitable for orientation and alignment studies in cold collisions. A combination of transverse-optical collimation, longitudinal cooling, rapid decoupling from the longitudinal cooling cycle, and a final "optical-force extrusion" stage produces an atom density of 1×1010 cm−3 within a beam-divergence solid angle of 2×10−6 sr. Rapid Zeeman-cooler decoupling results in a narrow laboratory velocity distribution of 5 m/s full width at half maximum and a cold binary intrabeam collision temperature of 4 mK. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1289683
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of amorphous phase stability in the metal–silicon systems (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 724-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stability of the amorphous phase with respect to the liquid phase in metal–silicon systems is modeled thermodynamically as a second-order phase transformation. The glass transition temperature of amorphous silicon is estimated according to the experimentally determined heat of crystallization and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. The feasibility of the model has been demonstrated using the Pd–Si, Co–Si, and Au–Si systems as examples. The predicted glass transition temperatures and heat of formation of the amorphous phase are consistent with available experimental data. The predicted amorphization stabilization at low temperatures in the Co–Si systems agrees with experimental observations. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1381002
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feedback stabilization of nonaxisymmetric resistive wall modes in tokamaks. I. Electromagnetic model (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 3681-3690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Active feedback stabilization of pressure-driven modes in tokamaks is studied computationally in toroidal geometry. The stability problem is formulated in terms of open-loop transfer functions for fluxes in sensor coils resulting from currents in feedback coils. The transfer functions are computed by an extended version of the MARS stability code [A. Bondeson et al., Phys. Fluids B 4, 1889 (1992)] and can be accurately modeled by low order rational functions. In the present paper stability is analyzed for a system with an ideal amplifier (current control). It is shown that feedback with modest gain, and a single coil array poloidally, gives substantial stabilization for a range of coil shapes. Optimum design uses sensors for the poloidal field, located inside the resistive wall, in combination with rather wide feedback coils outside the wall. Typically, the feedback does not strongly modify the plasma-generated magnetic field perturbation. A future companion paper [C. M. Fransson et al., Phys. Plasmas (accepted for publication)] will apply control theory to study the limitations arising for finite time-constant of the amplifier-feedback coil circuit. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1287744
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic theory of interaction of high frequency waves with a rotating plasma (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 596-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The equations of motion of charged particles of a strongly magnetized flowing plasma under the influence of high frequency waves are derived in the guiding center approximation. A quasilinear theory of the interactions of waves with rotating plasmas is formulated. This is applied to investigate the effect of radio frequency waves on a rotating tokamak plasma with a heated minority species. The angular momentum drive is mainly due to the rf-induced radial minority current. The return current by the bulk plasma gives an equal and opposite rotation drive on the bulk. Using moment equations and a small banana width approximation, the J×B drive was evaluated for the bulk plasma. Quite remarkably, although collisions are included, the net rotation drive is due to a term which can be obtained by neglecting collisions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873846
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