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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Both apoptosis and necrosis occur early after intracerebral grafting of ventral mesencephalic tissue: a role for protease activation (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 86 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neural transplantation is an experimental treatment for Parkinson's disease. Widespread clinical application of the grafting technique is hampered by a relatively poor survival (around 10%) of implanted embryonic dopamine neurones. Earlier animal studies have indicated that a large proportion of the grafted cells die during graft tissue preparation and within the first few days after intracerebral implantation. The present study was designed to reveal the prevalence of cell death in rat intrastriatal grafts at 90 min, 1, 3, 6 and 42 days after implantation. We examined apoptotic cell death using semi-thin and paraffin sections stained with methylene blue and an antibody against activated caspase 3, respectively. We identified abundant apoptotic cell death up to 3 days after transplantation. In addition, we studied calpain activation using an antibody specific for calpain-cleaved fodrin. We report a peak in calpain activity 90 min after grafting. Surprisingly, we did not observe any significant difference in the number of dopaminergic neurones over time. The present results imply that grafted cells may be victims of either an early necrotic or a later apoptotic cell death and that there is substantial cell death as early as 90 min after implantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01931.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patellofemoral pain syndrome: pain, coping strategies and degree of well-being (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) experience their pain, what coping strategies they use for the pain, and their degree of well-being. Fifty patients, 15–52 years old, with PFPS were evaluated with multidimensional pain inventory (MPI), coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) and Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Reliability of the evaluation methods was established for 12 patients. Good reliability was established for all instruments except for six of the 13 scales of the MPI. Results on MPI, CSQ and STAI are in agreement with the literature on other patient groups with chronic pain. The most frequently used strategies were ‘coping self statements’ and ‘ignoring sensations’. High scores were found for the strategy ‘catastrophizing’ compared with other patient groups having chronic pain. The STAI scores were in general found to be somewhat higher than the scores found in the literature on healthy subjects. It is concluded that the way patients with PFPS experience their pain, the coping strategies for pain they use and their degree of well-being, are in agreement with other patient groups who have chronic pain. Some concern is raised in terms of the high scores reported for the coping strategy ‘catastrophizing’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.10226.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of functional outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction resulting in low, normal and increased laxity (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the results after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using patellar tendon autografts in three groups of patients. The groups were determined by knee laxity as measured with the KT-1000 arthrometer at the follow-up two to five years after the reconstruction. Group A (n=15) had an anterior side-to-side laxity difference of 〈−3 mm (i.e. the reconstructed knee was less lax than the contralateral non-injured knee), Group B (n=376) had a difference of ≥−1, but ≤+2 mm and Group C (n=38) had a difference of ≥6 mm. All the patients had a normal contralateral knee. In Group A, 7/15 (47%) patients and, in Group B, 82/375 (22%) patients had an extension deficit of ≥5° (P=0.052). The corresponding values in terms of flexion deficit were 8/15 (53%) and 99/375 (26%) respectively (P=0.04) (one missing value in Group B). In Group C, 14/38 (37%) had an extension deficit (P=0.04; Group B vs Group C). Group C displayed worse results than Group B in terms of the Lysholm score and the one-leg-hop test (P=0.001 and P=0.011 respectively). The corresponding comparison between Group A and Group B revealed no significant differences. We conclude that a considerable number of patients showed persisting deficits in range of motion (ROM) after an ACL reconstruction. No major differences were found if they were analysed in subgroups with decreased, near normal or with increased knee laxity. The worst residual functional impairment, as measured with the Lysholm score and one-leg-hop test, was found in the group with increased knee laxity and most ROM deficits in the knees with decreased laxity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120109.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the reproducibility of the KT-1000 arthrometer (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of the study was to examine whether the KT-1000 arthrometer was reliable when it came to distinguishing between a group of patients with a chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and a group of patients without an ACL rupture, and to examine the reproducibility of the examination between two experienced examiners. The aim was also to examine whether the KT-1000 measurements were dependent on whether the patients were awake or under anaesthesia. The study comprised 40 patients: Group A consisted of 20 patients who had a chronic unilateral ACL rupture and Group B consisted of 20 patients who were scheduled for arthroscopy due to knee problems other than an ACL rupture. The KT-1000 examination was performed before surgery by two experienced physiotherapists (PT I and PT II). PT II subsequently performed a retest of the patients under anaesthesia. The mean anterior side-to-side laxity difference between PT I and PT II was 0.2 mm in Group A and 1.8 mm in Group B (n.s., P=0.03). The anterior side-to-side measurements of knee laxity revealed significant differences between Group A and Group B, independent of who the measurements were made by when the patients were awake (PT I P=0.011, PT II P=0.001). However, no significant difference (P=0.063) was found when the patients were under anaesthesia. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between PT I and PT II in Group A was 0.55 (P=0.005) for the anterior side-to-side laxity, while it was 0.60 (P=0.002) in Group B. There were no significant differences within Group A or Group B between the measurements made when people were awake compared with those under anaesthesia. The conclusions of the study were that the KT-1000 arthrometer was able to distinguish a group of patients with an ACL rupture from a group without one. The reproducibility of the KT-1000 measurements of anterior knee laxity between two experienced examiners was considered as fair. Furthermore, the measurements were not dependent on whether the patients were awake or under anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011002120.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prospective four- to seven-year follow-up after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft in 99 patients, who were followed up prospectively for four to seven years. The pre-injury Tegner activity level was 7 compared with 5 at the four- to seven-year follow-up (P〈0.0001). The preoperative Lysholm score was 74.5 points. At the two-year follow-up, the Lysholm score was 95 points, while it was 90 points at the four- to seven-year follow-up (P〈0.0001 preoperative vs two years and preoperative vs four to seven years and P〈0.0005 two years vs four to seven years). Using the IKDC evaluation system, 80% of the patients were classified as normal or nearly normal and 20% as abnormal or severely abnormal at the final follow-up. The KT-1000 laxity measurements revealed a side-to-side difference of 2.9 mm preoperatively, 0.6 at two years and 1.0 mm at four to seven years. Twenty-six patients underwent additional surgery during the follow-up period. The results after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament appear to be satisfactory both at the short- and the medium-term follow-ups, but there appears to be some deterioration between the two-year and the four- to seven-year follow-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011001023.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryotherapy in sports medicine (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The use of cryotherapy, i.e. the application of cold for the treatment of injury or disease, is widespread in sports medicine today. It is an established method when treating acute soft tissue injuries, but there is a discrepancy between the scientific basis for cryotherapy and clinical studies. Various methods such as ice packs, ice towels, ice massage, gel packs, refrigerant gases and inflatable splints can be used. Cold is also used to reduce the recovery time as part of the rehabilitation programme both after acute injuries and in the treatment of chronic injuries. Cryotherapy has also been shown to reduce pain effectively in the post-operative period after reconstructive surgery of the joints. Both superficial and deep temperature changes depend on the method of application, initial temperature and application time. The physiological and biological effects are due to the reduction in temperature in the various tissues, together with the neuromuscular action and relaxation of the muscles produced by the application of cold. Cold increases the pain threshold, the viscosity and the plastic deformation of the tissues but decreases the motor performance. The application of cold has also been found to decrease the inflammatory reaction in an experimental situation. Cold appears to be effective and harmless and few complications or side-effects after the use of cold therapy are reported. Prolonged application at very low temperatures should, however, be avoided as this may cause serious side-effects, such as frost-bite and nerve injuries. Practical applications, indications and contraindications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00090.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ankle arthroscopy under local and general anaesthesia for diagnostic evaluation and treatment (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Improvements in techniques and instrumentation are extending the diagonstic and therapeutic indications for ankle arthroscopy. We aimed to stydy the diagnostic and therapeutic benefits and complication rate from 112 consecutive ankle arthroscopies performed between 1991 and 1994 under local and general anaestesia. One-hundred and twelve outpatient ankle arthroscopies were performed in 72 male and 37 female patients, 16–64 years old. The patients were comparable in terms of gender and age in the arthroscopies done under local (n=69) and the arthroscopies done under general anaeshesia (n=43). The indications for surgery were pain in 75%, instability in 15%, limited function in 7% and swelling in 4%, and these criteria were similar in both groups. Anteromedial and anterolateral portals were used in all cases. No tourniquet was used and an external distractro was used in one case only. In 64 cases (57%) surgery was performed and included synovectomy, removal of loose bodies, shaving-drilling of osteochondritic or other cartilage lesions, resection of impinging osteophytes, fibrosis and meniscoid lesions. In 95 ankles (85%) a definite diagnosis was established. Comparable diagnostic and therapeutic potentials were found between local and general anaesthesia. The complication rate was low. One patient who was operated on under general anaesthesia sustained a deep infection, and three suffered minor superficial nerve injuries. In concusion, ankle arthroscopy may be performed under local or general anaesthesia with similar diagonstic value and with a low complication rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00100.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patellofemoral pain syndrome in young women (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 5 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Muscle function was evaluated in 40 patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and 20 healthy controls. Patients with PFPS had a significantly lower knee extensor strength in the most symptomatic knee compared to the least symptomatic knee. Further, the patients had less vertical jumping ability and were weaker in the most symptomatic knee compared to the controls, with the largest differences in eccentric knee extension. There were lower strength and EMG activity, in the patients compared to the controls, in the range closer to full extension and significant differences in muscle activity between the vastus medialis and the rectus femoris muscle. The results can be explained by inhibition selective to knee angles and to the vastus medialis muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00041.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in recreational and competitive athletes (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of this study was to compare the outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in recreational and competitive athletes, with a minimum follow-up of two years. Forty-nine patients (24 males and 25 females) who, at the time of the index injury, were classified as recreational athletes (Tegner level 2–5) were compared with 226 patients (61 females and 165 males) who, at the time of the index injury, were classified as competitive athletes (Tegner level 9–10). At the follow-up, no significant differences were found between the study groups in terms of the Lysholm score, IKDC evaluation system, one-leg-hop test, KT-1000 laxity measurements, anterior knee pain and the patients’ subjective evaluation of the results. However, the competitive athletes displayed a significantly higher reduction in Tegner activity level than the recreational athletes. The functional and objective results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were comparable for the recreational and competitive athletes. We, therefore, conclude that anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction could be recommended for recreational athletes as well as competitive athletes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110605.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain – a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose was to examine the reliability of measurement techniques and evaluate the effect of a treatment protocol including eccentric overload for patients with chronic pain from the Achilles tendon. Thirty-two patients with proximal achillodynia (44 involved Achilles tendons) participated in tests for reliability measures. No significant differences and strong (r=0.56–0.72) or very strong (r=0.90–0.93) correlations were found between pre-tests, except for the documentation of pain at rest (P〈0.008, r=0.45). To evaluate the effect of a 12-week treatment protocol for patients with chronic proximal achillodynia (pain longer than three months) 40 patients (57 involved Achilles tendons) with a mean age of 45 years (range 19–77) were randomised into an experiment group (n=22) and a control group (n=18). Evaluations were performed after six weeks of treatment and after three and six months. The evaluations (including the pre-tests), performed by a physical therapist unaware of the group the patients belonged to, consisted of a questionnaire, a range of motion test, a jumping test, a toe-raise test, a pain on palpation test and pain evaluation during jumping, toe-raises and at rest. A follow-up was also performed after one year. There were no significant differences between groups at any of the evaluations, except that the experiment group jumped significantly lower than the control group at the six-week evaluation. There was, however, an overall better result for the experiment group with significant improvements in plantar flexion, and reduction in pain on palpation, number of patients having pain during walking, having periods when asymptomatic and having swollen Achilles tendon. The controls did not show such changes. Furthermore, at the one-year follow-up there were significantly more patients in the experiment group, compared with the control group, that were satisfied with their present physical activity level, considered themselves fully recovered, and had no pain during or after physical activity. The measurement techniques and the treatment protocol with eccentric overload used in the present study can be recommended for patients with chronic pain from the Achilles tendon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110402.x
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